Financial Toxicity in Cancer Care
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Financial toxicity has become an increasingly important concern in contemporary cancer care. Although advances in oncology have improved survival and expanded treatment options, they have also increased the economic burden experienced by patients and families. Financial toxicity refers not only to direct medical expenses but also to indirect costs, loss of income, psychological distress, and reduced access to care. This literature review examines the concept, determinants, consequences, measurement, and policy implications of financial toxicity among cancer patients. Evidence suggests that financial hardship may affect treatment adherence, quality of life, mental health, family stability, and health equity. The burden is particularly relevant for vulnerable populations and health systems with limited financial protection. Addressing financial toxicity requires routine screening, transparent communication about costs, financial navigation, stronger insurance coverage, and equity-oriented cancer policy. Recognizing financial toxicity as part of cancer care quality is essential to patient-centered, sustainable oncology practice.
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