The Constitutional and Legal Mechanism for the Protection of Human Rights: The Experience of Azerbaijan in Comparison with Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia

This article presents a comparative legal analysis of constitutional guarantees of human rights in four post-Soviet countries: Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia. Despite their shared historical and legal background, these states demonstrate different models of implementing and protecting individual rights and freedoms. Special attention is given to the direct effect of constitutional norms, access to constitutional justice through individual complaints, and the integration of international law into domestic legal systems. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to improve the effectiveness of human rights protection mechanisms in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Based on the successful experiences of Ukraine and Georgia, the author proposes specific directions for reforming the Constitution of Azerbaijan. The article emphasizes the importance of enshrining the principle of the direct applicability of constitutional rights, introducing the institution of individual constitutional complaint, strengthening the role of international treaties, and guaranteeing access to justice. The article relies on normative legal sources and the works of prominent legal scholars, including Z. Askerov, S. Alekseeva, J. Garadjaev, F. Abdullayev, N. Onoprienko, and others. This study may be useful for researchers, lawmakers, and legal practitioners interested in the development of legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights in post-Soviet countries.