THE SCIENTIFIC TALKS OF MANIFESTATION OF EXOSOMES AND SMALL PARTICLE-BASED THERAPEUTICS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC NANOCARRIERS

Nodar Sulashvili; Valentyna Khusseyn; Dalal Hussin; Luiza Gabunia; Nana Gorgaslidze; Marika Sulashvili; Marina Giorgobiani; Irine Zarnadze; Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze; David Aphkhazava

doi:10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.01

THE SCIENTIFIC TALKS OF MANIFESTATION OF EXOSOMES AND SMALL PARTICLE-BASED THERAPEUTICS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC NANOCARRIERS

Authors

Nodar Sulashvili Tbilisi State Medical University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-8577
Valentyna Khusseyn Tbilisi State Medical University
Dalal Hussin Tbilisi State Medical University
Luiza Gabunia Tbilisi State Medical University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-2684
Nana Gorgaslidze Tbilisi State Medical University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-5224
Marika Sulashvili Tbilisi State Medical University
Marina Giorgobiani Tbilisi State Medical University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-5227
Irine Zarnadze Tbilisi State Medical University
Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze Tbilisi State Medical University
David Aphkhazava Alte University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.01

Keywords:

Exosomes, liposomes, extracellular vesicles, nanoparticles, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, neurodegeneration, nanomedicine

Abstract

Exosomes and other small particles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-mimetics, have emerged as central players in the development of next-generation therapeutics. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles of endosomal origin secreted by nearly all cell types, playing a critical role in cell–cell communication through their unique cargo of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Liposomes, in contrast, are synthetic lipid vesicles that have been successfully used in clinical practice for decades as drug carriers. A comparative assessment of these natural and synthetic nanocarriers highlights differences in biogenesis, composition, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, scalability, and translational potential. Exosomes offer the advantage of natural biocompatibility and intrinsic targeting abilities, while liposomes and other engineered nanoparticles provide reproducibility, stability, and regulatory precedent. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of exosomes, liposomes, and other nanoparticle systems, exploring their structural and functional properties, therapeutic applications across multiple disease domains, and the challenges that must be overcome for clinical translation.

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Author Biographies

Nodar Sulashvili, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, PhD, Doctor of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences in Medicine, Invited Lecturer (Invited Professor) of Scientific Research-Skills Center at Tbilisi State Medical University; Professor of Medical Pharmacology of Faculty of Medicine at Georgian National University SEU; Professor of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology of International School of Medicine at Alte University; Invited Lecturer of Clinical Pharmacology Department at Tbilisi State Medical University; Tbilisi, Georgia; Orcid https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-8577; E-mail: n.sulashvili@ug.edu.ge

Valentyna Khusseyn, Tbilisi State Medical University

The Second year Student of Faculty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia;

Dalal Hussin, Tbilisi State Medical University

Fifth Year MD student of Medical Doctor Degree Program of faculty of Medicine at Tbilisi State Medical University; Tbilisi, Georgia;

Luiza Gabunia, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, PhD, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Scientific Research-Skills Center at Tbilisi State Medical University, Professor, Head of the Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology at Tbilisi State Medical University, Clinical Pharmacologist of The First University Clinic of TSMU, Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-2684

Nana Gorgaslidze, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, PhD, Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academician, Professor of Tbilisi State Medical University, Head of The Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Tbilisi, Georgia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-5224

Marika Sulashvili, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, Doctor of Family Medicine, Invited Lecturer of Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics; Invited Lecturer of Family Medicine of Faculty of Medicine at Georgian National University SEU; Invited Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics at The University of Georgia; Tbilisi, Georgia.

Marina Giorgobiani, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, PhD, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Academician, Professor of Tbilisi State Medical University, Faculty of Public Health; Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Tbilisi, Georgia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-5227

Irine Zarnadze, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, PhD, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of Tbilisi State Medical University, Department of Public Health, Health Care Management, Policy and Economy, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze, Tbilisi State Medical University

MD, PhD, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Academician, Professor of Tbilisi State Medical University, Dean of the Faculty of Public Health, Head of the Department of Nutrition, Aging Medicine, Environmental and Occupational Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.

David Aphkhazava, Alte University

PhD, Full Professor of Biochemistry at Alte university, Tbilisi, Georgia; Invited Lecturer (Professor) of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Tbilisi Georgia, Full professor of Biochemistry Georgian National University SEU, Tbilisi Georgia, Invited Lecturer (Professor) of Biophysics and Microbiology, Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-647

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Published

2025-10-04

How to Cite

Sulashvili, N., Khusseyn, V., Hussin, D., Gabunia, L., Gorgaslidze, N., Sulashvili, M., … Aphkhazava, D. (2025). THE SCIENTIFIC TALKS OF MANIFESTATION OF EXOSOMES AND SMALL PARTICLE-BASED THERAPEUTICS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC NANOCARRIERS. Georgian Scientists, 7(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.01