Emotional Intelligence and Its Core Components: A Scientific Analysis with Emphasis on Empathy

Abstract

The growing scientific interest in emotional intelligence reflects its crucial role in individuals’ social, academic, and psychological functioning. This article examines the multidimensional structure of emotional intelligence with particular emphasis on empathy, its central interpersonal component. Drawing on the ability model of Mayer and Salovey, the trait framework of Petrides, and contemporary theories of social-emotional competence, the study integrates cognitive, affective, and interpersonal perspectives to offer a comprehensive understanding of emotional processes. Methodologically, the research employs a combination of theoretical analysis, systematic literature review, and critical evaluation of current psychometric instruments. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in its updated interpretation of empathy’s mechanisms, incorporating insights from affective neuroscience, social psychology, and cross-cultural studies. The findings contribute to more accurate modeling of emotional intelligence and highlight its relevance for educational practice, workplace functioning, and clinical interventions.