Characteristics of Natural Regeneration in Shida Kartli Beech Forests (Fagetum): Logged and Unlogged Stands

The study examines the characteristics of natural regeneration of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in logged and unlogged stands of the Shida Kartli region of Georgia. The objective was to comparatively assess the intensity and quality of natural regeneration under different forest management conditions and to identify the principal ecological and silvicultural factors affecting the regeneration process.

Field studies were conducted in the Khashuri, Kareli, Gori, and Kaspi forestry districts. Sample plots were established to assess the main mensurational characteristics of the stands and the quantitative and qualitative parameters of beech regeneration. The height, age condition, vitality, and spatial distribution of seedlings and saplings were evaluated. Particular attention was given to canopy closure, light conditions, soil status, undergrowth development, terrain, slope exposure, and logging intensity.

Comparative analysis showed that natural regeneration was more stable in unlogged stands, where relatively stable microclimatic conditions, multilayered stand structure, and seed-producing trees were maintained. In logged stands, regeneration success depended strongly on logging intensity and the condition of the remaining canopy. Moderate canopy opening may improve the development of young beech by increasing light availability and reducing overstory competition. In contrast, excessive canopy opening may reduce soil moisture, increase herbaceous cover, and intensify competition, thereby creating less favorable conditions for beech regeneration.

The results indicate that sustainable management of beech forests in Shida Kartli should prioritize silvicultural practices that maintain the structural integrity of the parent stand and sufficient seed sources while creating small, moderately illuminated gaps that support continuous natural regeneration.