The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among people living with HIV in Georgia
Downloads
The number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing due to improved screening, faster diagnosis, newer methods, availability and acceptance of treatment, but the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, particularly metabolic disorders, has grown among HIV infected patients.The aim of the study was to calculate the prevalence of T2D among people living with HIV in Georgia and find the association between diabetes and other comorbidities to fill up knowledge gap.
Downloads
Metrics
Shen Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhang R, Zheng Y and Lu H. Prevalence of hyperglycemia among adults with newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS in China. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013; 13: 79.
Wandeler G, Johnson LF and Egger M. Trends in life expectancy of HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy across the globe: comparisons with general population. Current opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2016; 11: 492-500.
Brown TT, Tassiopoulos K, Bosch RJ, Shikuma C and McComsey GA. Association between systemic inflammation and incident diabetes in HIV-infected patients after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Diabetes care. 2010; 33: 2244-9.
Coelho AR, Moreira FA, Santos AC, et al. Diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected patients: fasting glucose, A1c, or oral glucose tolerance test – which method to choose for the diagnosis? BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018; 18.
Hernandez-Romieu AC, Garg S, Rosenberg ES, Thompson-Paul AM and Skarbinski J. Is diabetes prevalence higher among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population? Evidence from MMP and NHANES 2009–2010. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2017; 5.
Pelchen-Matthews A, Ryom L, Borges Á H, et al. Aging and the evolution of comorbidities among HIV-positive individuals in a European cohort. AIDS (London, England). 2018; 32: 2405-16.
Duncan AD, Goff LM and Peters BS. Type 2 diabetes prevalence and its risk factors in HIV: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13.
Husain NE, Noor SK, Elmadhoun WM, et al. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV in Africa: re-emerging challenges not to be forgotten. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ). 2017; 9: 193-202.
Suligoi B, Virdone S, Taborelli M, et al. Excess mortality related to circulatory system diseases and diabetes mellitus among Italian AIDS patients vs. non-AIDS population: a population-based cohort study using the multiple causes-of-death approach. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018; 18: 428.
Teeraananchai S, Kerr SJ, Amin J, Ruxrungtham K and Law MG. Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. HIV medicine. 2017; 18: 256-66.
Kalra S, Kalra B, Agrawal N and Unnikrishnan A. Understanding diabetes in patients with HIV/AIDS. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2011; 3: 2.
Kumar S and Samaras K. The Impact of Weight Gain During HIV Treatment on Risk of Pre-diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2018; 9: 705.
Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2019; 157: 107843.
Spollett GR. Hyperglycemia in HIV/AIDS. Diabetes Spectrum. 2006; 19: 163-6.
Tien PC, Schneider MF, Cox C, et al. Association of HIV infection with incident diabetes mellitus: impact of using hemoglobin A1C as a criterion for diabetes. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2012; 61: 334-40.
Fleischman A, Johnsen S, Systrom DM, et al. Effects of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, stavudine, on glucose disposal and mitochondrial function in muscle of healthy adults. American journal of physiology Endocrinology and metabolism. 2007; 292: E1666-73.
Haguihara T, Silva MDO, Rebouças MC, Martins Netto E and Brites C. Factors associated with mortality in HIV patients failing antiretroviral therapy, in Salvador, Brazil. The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2019; 23: 160-3.
Karamchand S, Leisegang R, Schomaker M, et al. Risk Factors for Incident Diabetes in a Cohort Taking First-Line Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy. Medicine. 2016; 95.
Kyaw NTT, Satyanarayana S, Oo HN, et al. Hyperglycemia and Risk of All-cause Mortality Among People Living With HIV With and Without Tuberculosis Disease in Myanmar (2011–2017). Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2019; 6.
Patel P, Rose CE, Collins PY, et al. Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS (London, England). 2018; 32 Suppl 1: S5-s20.
Rajpal A, Rahimi L and Ismail-Beigi F. Factors leading to high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes. 2020; 12: 895-908.
Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106: 3143-421.
Nix LM and Tien PC. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in HIV. Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2014; 11: 271-8.
Law MG, Friis-Møller N, El-Sadr WM, et al. The use of the Framingham equation to predict myocardial infarctions in HIV-infected patients: comparison with observed events in the D:A:D Study. HIV medicine. 2006; 7: 218-30.
Davidson JA and Parkin CG. Is hyperglycemia a causal factor in cardiovascular disease? Does proving this relationship really matter? Yes. Diabetes care. 2009; 32 Suppl 2: S331-3.
Stettler C, Allemann S, Jüni P, et al. Glycemic control and macrovascular disease in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of randomized trials. American heart journal. 2006; 152: 27-38.
Gerich JE. Clinical significance, pathogenesis, and management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Archives of internal medicine. 2003; 163: 1306-16.
Naicker S, Rahmanian S and Kopp JB. HIV and chronic kidney disease. Clinical nephrology. 2015; 83: 32-8.
Sampanis C. Management of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Hippokratia. 2008; 12: 22-7.
Jeon CY and Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS medicine. 2008; 5: e152.
Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J and Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012; 16: S27-36.
Dooley KE and Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2009; 9: 737-46.
Oni T, Berkowitz N, Kubjane M, Goliath R, Levitt NS and Wilkinson RJ. Trilateral overlap of tuberculosis, diabetes and HIV-1 in a high-burden African setting: implications for TB control. The European respiratory journal. 2017; 50.
Achwoka D, Waruru A, Chen TH, et al. Noncommunicable disease burden among HIV patients in care: a national retrospective longitudinal analysis of HIV-treatment outcomes in Kenya, 2003-2013. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19.
Han JH, Crane HM, Bellamy SL, Frank I, Cardillo S and Bisson GP. HIV infection and glycemic response to newly initiated diabetic medical therapy. AIDS (London, England). 2012; 26: 2087-95.
ADA ADA. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes care. 2021; 44: S15-s33.
Alvaro-Meca A, Jiménez-Garcia R, Jimenez-Trujillo I, et al. Fifteen-Year Trends in the Prevalence of Diabetes among Hospitalized HIV-Infected Patients in Spain (1997-2012). PLoS ONE. 2016; 11: e0161953.
Capeau J, Bouteloup V, Katlama C, et al. Ten-year diabetes incidence in 1046 HIV-infected patients started on a combination antiretroviral treatment. AIDS (London, England). 2012; 26: 303-14.
Tripathi A, Liese AD, Jerrell JM, et al. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2014; 31: 1185-93.
Wada N, Jacobson LP, Cohen M, French A, Phair J and Muñoz A. Cause-specific mortality among HIV-infected individuals, by CD4(+) cell count at HAART initiation, compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. AIDS (London, England). 2014; 28: 257-65.
Rasmussen LD, Mathiesen ER, Kronborg G, Pedersen C, Gerstoft J and Obel N. Risk of diabetes mellitus in persons with and without HIV: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e44575.
Worm SW, De Wit S, Weber R, et al. Diabetes mellitus, preexisting coronary heart disease, and the risk of subsequent coronary heart disease events in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D Study). Circulation. 2009; 119: 805-11.
Pealing L, Wing K, Mathur R, Prieto-Merino D, Smeeth L and Moore DAJ. Risk of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes: population based cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. BMC Medicine. 2015; 13: 135.
Chkhartishvili N, Sharvadze L, Chokoshvili O, et al. Mortality and Causes of Death Among HIV-Infected Individuals in the Country of Georgia: 1989–2012. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2014; 30: 560-6.
Moreira J, Castro R, Lamas C, Ribeiro S, Grinsztejn B and Veloso VG. Hyperglycemia during tuberculosis treatment increases morbidity and mortality in a contemporary cohort of HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2018; 69: 11-9.
Friis-Møller N, Sabin CA, Weber R, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine. 2003; 349: 1993-2003.
Friis-Møller N, Thiébaut R, Reiss P, et al. Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs study. European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology. 2010; 17: 491-501.
Kruglikov IL, Shah M and Scherer PE. Obesity and diabetes as comorbidities for COVID-19: Underlying mechanisms and the role of viral-bacterial interactions. eLife. 2020; 9.
Hill MD. Stroke and diabetes mellitus. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2014; 126: 167-74.
Ergul A, Li W, Elgebaly MM, Bruno A and Fagan SC. Hyperglycemia, diabetes and stroke: focus on the cerebrovasculature. Vascular pharmacology. 2009; 51: 44-9.
Lim A. Diabetic nephropathy - complications and treatment. International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease. 2014; 7: 361-81.
Mocroft A, Lundgren JD, Ross M, et al. Development and validation of a risk score for chronic kidney disease in HIV infection using
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
