General Aspects of Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52340/spectri.2024.10.01.17Keywords:
Chronic heart failure, Reduced ejection fraction, diuretics, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, Beta-blockers, Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers, Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitorsAbstract
In today’s world, heart failure poses a global health threat, affecting approximately 64 million people. This progressive condition is characterized by a low long-term survivability: the probability of survival after 1, 2, 5 and 10 years is 87%, 73%, 57% and 35%, respectively. Such statistics highlight the urgent need for therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis and quality of life of the patient.
The contemporary treatment and management of heart failure is pharmacological, involving the use of a multi-drug regimen, which usually includes five different classes of drugs. These are: 1) diuretics, which are mainly used for reducing/resolving fluid overload; 2) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, which block the effects of aldosterone on the heart and blood vessels; 3) Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, a new class that has shown remarkable benefits in heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality; 4) Beta-blockers, which are crucial for modulating the activity of the sympathetic nervous system; and 5) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, which include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, or the newer angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, which play a role in modulating neurohormonal activation. The mechanisms of action, characteristic factors, correct traction methods, and currently available medical trials of these 5 classes of drugs were collected and studied. Ultimately, the correct utilization and use of these pharmacological agents is not only beneficial but necessary for effectively managing heart failure and offering patients a guideline-mediated treatment plan, which is necessary for improving their daily lives and raising long-term survivability.
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