Transformation of Syria’s Geostrategic Environment and Security Architecture

Abstract

The article examines the stages of transformation in Syria’s geostrategic environment and security architecture under the rule of the Assad dynasty. Syria represents one of the most complex geopolitical centers in the Middle East, with access to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and connections to energy-rich Persia and trade routes leading to the Gulf. Its geographical location, combined with deep ethnic and religious diversity, has turned Syria into a major arena for protests, power struggles, and regional competition. The absence of political freedom, economic inequality, and long-term instability has plunged the country into one of the longest and most devastating wars in modern history, marked by the ongoing struggle of external powers for influence over its territory. Over the years, Russia and Iran have established significant footholds in Syria. The overthrow of the Assad regime was initially viewed as a sign of Russia’s setback; however, the newly elected leadership in 2025 began negotiations with Moscow, with which Syria has a complex historical and political relationship. Although the restoration of transitional energy cooperation is anticipated, the country continues to face serious challenges, including corruption, labor trafficking, and a fragmented security system.