საკვანძო სიტყვები
neuroinflammation
DCE-MRI
arterial spin labeling
PET
neurovascular unit
early biomarkers
როგორ უნდა ციტირება
ანოტაცია
Neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are two interconnected pathways that are involved in acute cerebrovascular injury, demyelinating disease, epilepsy, and neurodegeneration. One of the current obstacles is to identify the alteration of the barrier before it becomes evident by traditional imaging methods such as leakage, edema, or tissue injury. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) measures BBB permeability to gadolinium-based agents; arterial spin labeling (ASL) and water exchange techniques assess BBB trans endothelial water transport; positron emission tomography (PET) maps inflammatory cell targets of the BBB or specific transport processes; and diffusion/perfusion measures provide contextual information on microvascular and tissue consequences. This narrative review aimed to present the provided references and methodological literature collecting them together with a focus on the biological interpretation, the strengths, and the limitations. These techniques are shown to be promising research biomarkers but are not universally validated as early diagnostic tests. For clinical translation, harmonized acquisition, modeling, longitudinal analysis and careful separation from the vascular confounding variables are prerequisites.
წყაროები
1. Sasannia S, Leigh R, Bastani PB, Shin HG, van Zijl P, Knutsson L, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in brain ischemia: insights from MRI perfusion imaging. Neurotherapeutics. 2025;22(1):e00516. doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00516.
2. Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(3):133-50. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188.
3. Kovbasyuk Z, Tefera E, Li C, Baete SH, Steriade C. Imaging brain inflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability in neurological and psychiatric diseases: a review. J Neuroinflammation. 2025;22(1):275. doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03598-x. PubMed
4. Candelario-Jalil E, Dijkhuizen RM, Magnus T. Neuroinflammation, stroke, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and imaging modalities. Stroke. 2022;53(5):1473-86. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.036946.
5. Liebner S, Dijkhuizen RM, Reiss Y, Plate KH, Agalliu D, Constantin G. Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;135(3):311-36. doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1815-1.
6. Yu T, Wang Z, Chen Y, Xiang Y, Wu M, Zhang M, et al. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in CNS diseases: paying attention to pericytes. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025;31(5):e70422. doi:10.1111/cns.70422.
7. Harris WJ, Asselin MC, Hinz R, Parkes LM, Allan S, Schiessl I, et al. In vivo methods for imaging blood-brain barrier function and dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2023;50(4):1051-83. doi:10.1007/s00259-022-05997-1. PubMed
8. Ved A, Gajjar TB, Kakkad A, et al. Neurovascular uncoupling in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Brain Sci. 2026;16(5):434. doi:10.3390/brainsci16050434.
9. Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction amplifies the development of neuroinflammation: understanding of cellular events in brain microvascular endothelial cells for prevention and treatment of BBB dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:661838. doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.661838.
10. Gasca-Salas C, Fernández-Rodríguez B, Pineda-Pardo JA, Rodríguez-Rojas R, Obeso I, Hernández-Fernández F, et al. Blood-brain barrier opening with focused ultrasound in Parkinson's disease dementia. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):779. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21022-9.
11. Amoo M, Henry J, Pender N, Brennan P, Campbell M, Javadpour M. Blood-brain barrier permeability imaging as a predictor for delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage: a narrative review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021. doi:10.1007/s00701-020-04670-6. PubMed
12. Wang W, Zhang S, Yu L, Wang T, Wang G, Xu F, et al. Preoperative blood-brain barrier disruption increased risk of postoperative cognitive decline after coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2025;111(11):7929-38. doi:10.1097/JS9.0000000000002902.
13. Zapata-Acevedo JF, García-Pérez V, Cabezas-Pérez R, Losada-Barragán M, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Laminin as a biomarker of blood-brain barrier disruption under neuroinflammation: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(12):6788. doi:10.3390/ijms23126788.
14. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in neuroinflammation: current in vitro models. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):12699. doi:10.3390/ijms241612699.
15. Botta D, Bernetti C, Hutuca I, Ojeda Esparza JF, Sveikata L, Lovblad KO, et al. Beyond the leak: advanced MRI assessment of the blood-brain barrier in neurodegeneration. Neurodegener Dis. 2026;26(3):197-212. doi:10.1159/000552173.
16. Voorter PHM, van Dinther M, Jansen WJJ, Postma AA, Staals J, Jansen JFA, et al. Blood-brain barrier disruption and perivascular spaces in small vessel disease and neurodegenerative diseases: a review on MRI methods and insights. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2024;59(2):397-411. doi:10.1002/jmri.28989. PubMed
17. Chaudhary S, Chao HH, Agarwal K, Gupta S, Li CR. Imaging markers of neuroinflammation in aging and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia: a comprehensive review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025;176:106270. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106270. PubMed
18. Moyaert J, Padrela E, Morgan T, Petr J, Versijpt J, Barkhof F, et al. Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction: a state-of-the-art review from a clinical perspective. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1132077. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1132077. PubMed
19. Montagne A, Nation DA, Pa J, Sweeney MD, Toga AW, Zlokovic BV. Imaging blood-brain barrier disruption in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neuron. 2023. PubMed
20. In Vivo Imaging of Human Neuroinflammation. Neurotherapeutics. 2016.