Dynamic Tumor Microenvironment Theory: A Multifaceted Approach to Tumor Research and Biochemistry

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Advances in traditional cancer treatments, such as standard cytotoxic chemotherapy [1, 36, 38, 39], radiation therapy [2, 34, 35], and surgery [3], have led to a decline in cancer mortality over the past decades; However, serious problems remain, often leading to tumor recurrence and death. These issues have led to research into mutation therapy for cancer. While standard chemotherapy uses cytotoxic agents that kill cancer cells and cause normal cells to divide rapidly, targeted therapy targets abnormal proteins encoded by mutated genes [4]. Because normal cells do not have the oncogenic mutations used for drug targeting, there is often a high degree of differential sensitivity of malignant and benign cells to targeted therapy. As a result, targeted therapy often results in rapid and dramatic tumor regression while limiting the potential for off-target toxicity associated with traditional chemotherapy. Peptides have emerged as promising tools in cancer therapy, offering targeted and specific approaches to treatment. Their ability to bind selectively to cancer cell receptors and disrupt crucial signaling pathways makes them valuable candidates. Some peptides, like Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) and Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs), exhibit cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, showcasing their potential as anticancer agents. Furthermore, peptide-based drugs, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, target specific molecules related to cancer development. The unique properties of peptides, such as cell-penetrating abilities and inhibition of protein-protein interactions, enhance their efficacy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues. Despite promising advancements, challenges like stability and immunogenicity need addressing. Ongoing research seeks to optimize peptide structures and delivery methods for improved cancer therapeutic outcomes. In summary, peptides represent a transformative frontier in cancer treatment, holding the promise of more effective and personalized options for patients [40]. Thus, the overall strategy for anticancer drug discovery has shifted from cytotoxic agents to identifying actionable tumor-specific mutations and developing molecularly targeted agents. The rapid development of immunotherapy has also radically changed the landscape of cancer treatment [31, 32, 33] .