Svaneti at a Crossroads: Socio-Economic Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Development

Abstract

Svaneti, the most mountainous historical-geographical region of Georgia, is characterized by its exceptional natural conditions and culturally rich anthropogenic landscape. The region encompasses the municipalities of Mestia and Lentekhi, whose distinct physical environments, historical heritage, and socio-cultural traditions shape divergent trajectories of socio-economic development. In the summers of 2023–2024, a sociological survey was conducted within the framework of the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography’s field expedition to evaluate contemporary socio-economic dynamics in the region through active engagement with local residents. A total of 35 respondents participated, enabling a comparative assessment between Mestia and Lentekhi and facilitating the identification of key development constraints and emerging opportunities. The survey was complemented by cartographic materials, statistical diagrams, and photographic documentation. The results reveal severe challenges related to depopulation, limited employment opportunities, and pronounced out-migration—issues particularly acute in Lentekhi, where sustained emigration has resulted in the closure of kindergartens and schools in several villages. Although livestock breeding continues to represent a traditional economic activity, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, with a majority of respondents expressing interest in acquiring the skills necessary to participate more effectively in tourism-related services. Nevertheless, infrastructure remains unevenly developed: while major transportation corridors have been improved, rural road networks require substantial reconstruction, and deficiencies persist in telecommunications, healthcare provision, and commercial services. Tourism infrastructure, including accommodation facilities and visitor information centres, also remains insufficient and requires systematic, state-supported development. The analysis further indicates that migration pressures are more pronounced in Lentekhi than in Mestia, driven by a complex interplay of economic, infrastructural, and demographic factors. Addressing these challenges will require integrated regional policies aimed at strengthening population retention, diversifying employment, and balancing tourism-driven growth with the needs of agriculture and traditional livelihoods. Given the limited availability of arable land and other natural constraints, sustainable development in Svaneti cannot rely solely on agriculture; instead, it must be underpinned by targeted job creation, improved infrastructure, and enhanced state involvement across multiple sectors.