Comparative Characterization of the Quality Indicators of Selected Spring Waters in Mountainous Adjara

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the organoleptic, physicochemical, and sanitary-hygienic characteristics of spring waters from three locations in mountainous Adjara (Gulebi, Buturauli, and Kvemo Vashlovani villages). The study included the determination of key field parameters, ionic and elemental composition, nutrient concentrations, and bacteriological indicators.

The results revealed significant differences in water quality characteristics among the studied sites. The spring water from Gulebi village is characterized by moderate mineralization, slightly acidic reaction, and elevated iron content; its hydrochemical type is Ca–Mg–SO₄. The water from Buturauli village has low mineralization; however, increased nitrite concentrations and the presence of Escherichia coli were detected, indicating fecal contamination. Its hydrochemical type is HCO₃–Ca. The spring water from Kvemo Vashlovani village is distinguished by low mineralization, stable physicochemical parameters, and bacteriological purity; its hydrochemical type is also HCO₃–Ca.

The findings indicate that water quality is strongly influenced by both geological conditions and anthropogenic factors. Among the investigated springs, the water from Kvemo Vashlovani exhibited the highest quality and fully met drinking water standards. The water from Buturauli was found to be microbiologically contaminated and requires appropriate treatment and disinfection, whereas the water from Gulebi is suitable for drinking only after preliminary treatment.