ADHESIVE PLATFORM FOR THE DENTAL DELIVERY OF BIOGENIC ELEMENTS: FORMULATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION

Abstract

Dental caries, a disease of the hard tissues of the teeth—enamel, dentin, and cementum—is one of the most common diseases in the world that significantly impacts the quality of human life [1]. Despite the implementation of large-scale measures aimed at combating the formation and spread of caries and advancing treatment methods, this dental disease still remains the number one problem in dentistry. The disease starts with the damage of the tissue covering the tooth crown, enamel. Though this acellular, avascular, and highly mineralized structure is the hardest tissue in the human body, acids produced by acidogenic bacteria cause the breakdown of its inorganic skeleton, resulting in the formation of a cavity. The process of breakdown of the mineral skeleton is called demineralizationand although the processes of de- and remineralization in tooth structures are continuous, disruption of the buffer balance, the proportion of micro- and macroelements, and the permeability of enamel in the oral cavity contribute to the prevalence of demineralization. The strategy for successful caries management is based on holistic and comprehensive approaches, among them the most important are antimicrobial therapy, the implementation of remineralizing agents, and the improvement of methods for their infiltration into the hard tissues of the tooth. that the modern concept of caries prevention and treatment is based largely on maximizing tissue infiltration and minimal preparation. This is not possible without enriching the tooth tissues with elements such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, fluoride, zinc, and others.

Significant interest in nanoparticles of biogenic elements is largely due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties, which differ from those of the bulk elements. Their nanoscale form provides higher bioavailability.

Biosynthesized nanoparticles of biogenic elements are generally biocompatible, which facilitates their further use in biomedical devices.

Nanoscale biogenic elements penetrate deeper layers of the damaged tooth area, ensuring the restoration of damaged enamel [2,3,4].

To deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients to the tooth tissue, a gel is often used as a carrier, which significantly prolongs the contact time between the active ingredient and the enamel, allowing biogenic elements to fill small lesions and cavities [5].

It should be noted that in many cases the gel can be washed off by saliva, and while being used, it is also impossible to avoid changes in the concentration of the API (fluctuations, instability) within the tooth tissue.

The objective of the study was to investigate the possibility of using antimicrobial bioadhesive for targeted dental delivery of nanoparticles of biogenic elements.

The study was counducted using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and nanosizer.

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles of biogenic elements: calcium, magnesium, fluorine and zinc was carried out.

When examined using transmission electron microscopy and a nanosizer, it was determined that the nanoparticles of biogenic elements are uniform and their sizes range within 65-100 nm.

The formulation of a bioadhesive containing nanoparticles of biogenic elements is provided, the preparation technology is developed and the quality parameters are determined.

In order to determine the potential for the use of the proposed composition in dental practice, in particular, the delivery of biogenic nanoelements to tooth tissue, the main characteristics have been studied and it has been established that the adhesion strength to enamel is 214±7.2%, pH–7.05±0.12, while the rheological characteristics of the composition and, accordingly, its consumer properties are within the optimal range.

The release kinetics of biogenic elements from the bioadhesive were studied using Franz diffusion cells. It has been established that almost 75% of calcium, magnesium, zinc and fluorine are released within 3 hours.

Based on the conducted biopharmaceutical studies, the biosynthesis of calcium, magnesium, zinc and fluorine nanoparticles has been carried out and their characteristics have been determined. The formulation of a bioadhesive containing nanoparticles of biogenic elements has been provided and the technology has been developed. The dynamics of the release of biogenic elements from the bioadhesive have been examined using Franz diffusion cells.