Abstract
This systematic review aims to (1) describe the gut microbiota alterations observed in PD patients compared to healthy controls, (2) highlight potential mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis with progression of PD, and (3) summarize the effect of microbiome-based interventions to augment the symptoms of PD.
References
Boertien, J. M., Pereira, P. A. B., Aho, V. T. E., & Scheperjans, F. (2019). Increasing comparability and utility of gut microbiome studies in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 9(s2), S297–S312. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191711
Bonaz, B. (2024). The gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease. Revue Neurologique
(Paris), 180(1–2), 65–78.
Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A., & Severi, C. (2015). The gut-brain axis:
interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems.
Annals of Gastroenterology, 28(2), 203–209.
Cirstea, M. S., Yu, A. C., Golz, E., et al. (2020). Microbiota composition and metabolism
are associated with gut function in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 35(7),
–1217. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28069
Claudino dos Santos, J. C., Lima, M. P. P., Brito, G. A. de C., & Viana, G. S. de B. (2023).
Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease pathogenesis.
Ageing Research Reviews, 84, 101812.
Cryan, J. F., O’Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., et al. (2019). The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiological Reviews, 99(4), 1877–2013. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018
Houser, M. C., & Tansey, M. G. (2017). The gut-brain axis: Is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis? NPJ Parkinson’s Disease, 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-016-0002-0
Keshavarzian, A., Green, S. J., Engen, P. A., et al. (2015). Colonic bacterial composition
in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 30(10), 1351–1360. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26307
Menozzi, E., Macnaughtan, J., & Schapira, A. H. V. (2021). The gut-brain axis and
Parkinson disease: Clinical and pathogenetic relevance. Annals of Medicine, 53(1),
–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2021.1890330
Petrov, V. A., Saltykova, I. V., Zhukova, I. A., et al. (2017). Analysis of gut microbiota
in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine,
(6), 734–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-017-3701-3
Romano, S., Savva, G. M., Bedarf, J. R., et al. (2021). Meta-analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to neuroinflammation. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease, 7(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z
Sampson, T. R., Debelius, J. W., Thron, T., et al. (2016). Gut microbiota regulate motor
deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell, 167(6),
–1480.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018
Scheperjans, F., Aho, V., Pereira, P. A. B., et al. (2015). Gut microbiota are related to
Parkinson’s disease and clinical phenotype. Movement Disorders, 30(3), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26069
Tan, A. H., Lim, S. Y., & Lang, A. E. (2022). The microbiome–gut–brain axis in
Parkinson disease: From basic research to the clinic. Nature Reviews Neurology,
(8), 476–495. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00681-2
Unger, M. M., Spiegel, J., Dillmann, K. U., et al. (2016). Short chain fatty acids and gut
microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson’s disease and age-matched controls. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 32, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019
Hill-Burns, E. M., Debelius, J. W., Morton, J. T., et al. (2017). Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome. Movement Disorders, 32(5), 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26942
Bedarf, J. R., Hildebrand, F., Coelho, L. P., et al. (2017). Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-naïve Parkinson’s disease patients. Genome Medicine, 9(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-017-0428-y
Heintz-Buschart, A., Pandey, U., Wicke, T., et al. (2018). The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Movement Disorders, 33(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27105
Barichella, M., Severgnini, M., Cilia, R., et al. (2019). Unraveling gut microbiota in
Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism. Movement Disorders, 34(3), 396–
https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27590
Hirayama, M., & Ohno, K. (2021). Parkinson’s disease and gut microbiota. Annals of
Nutrition and Metabolism, 77(Suppl. 2), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000518147
Kwon, D., Zhang, K., Paul, K. C., Folle, A. D., Del Rosario, I., Jacobs, J. P., Keener, A. M., Bronstein, J. M., & Ritz, B. (2024). Diet and the gut microbiome in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Npj Parkinson S Disease, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-024-00681-7
Zhang, X., Tang, B., & Guo, J. (2023). Parkinson’s disease and gut microbiota: from clinical to
mechanistic and therapeutic studies. Translational
Neurodegeneration, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-023-00392-8
Nie, S., & Ge, Y. (2023). The link between the gut microbiome, inflammation, and Parkinson’s
disease. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 107(22), 6737–
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12789-6
Li, Z., Liang, H., Hu, Y., Lu, L., Zheng, C., Fan, Y., Wu, B., Zou, T., Luo, X., Zhang, X., Zeng, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, Z., Yue, Z., Ren, Y., Li, Z., Su, Q., & Xu, P. (2022). Gut bacterial profiles in Parkinson’s
disease: A systematic review. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 29(1), 140–