International Scientific Journal "The Caucasus and the World"
type: channel
description: Journal “The Caucasus and the World” is the periodical, monthly published, summarized scientific edition of The Caucasian International Research Center for Geohistory and Geopolitics. The journal is registered at legal person of public law institute. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/isj ISSN: 1987-7293 e-ISSN: 2720-832X
publisher: The Caucasian International Research Center for Geohistory and Geopolitics.
language: en-US
publication name: International Scientific Journal "The Caucasus and the World"
issn: 1987-7293
items: Some Words about the work of the Kingdom of Abkhazia
items: The History of Women's Wrestling in Central Asia During Ancient and Medieval Times
items: The Papacy and the Struggle for Church Authority in the 12th–13th Centuries
items: A VALUABLE BOOK ABOUT GEORGIAN-BALTIC RELATIONS
items: On the Coverage of Some Controversial Issues of Abkhazian Archaeology in Modern Russian Historiography
items: Cultural and Educational Policy of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Abkhazia
items: CONQUEST OF THE WESTERN CAUCASUS AND ABKHAZIA BY RUSSIA
items: History of the Russian-Circassian War
items: SOME INFORMATION ON THE SOURCE SCIENCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF THE TIMURID EMPIRE
items: The Problem of Space and Time in Philosophy
items: Philosophical Thinking and Gender Issues
items: The concept of happiness in ancient philosophy
items: On the History of the Emergence of the Theory of Information Society
items: Armenia and Azerbaijan in a geopolitical battle. Zangezur corridor
items: RESULTS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND THE «PRO-EUROPEAN» REFERENDUM IN MOLDOVA: WHAT’S NEXT?
items: On the history of the formation of the system in international relations
items: Russia's War in Ukraine and Security Issues of the European Union
items: Geopolitics of the Middle East and ASEAN in Contemporary Political Dynamics
items: Syria after Bashar al-Assad. Geopolitical situation in the Middle East.
items: Geopolitics – A Threat to International Relations

Some Words about the work of the Kingdom of Abkhazia
type: item
description: Recently, the book of the young Abkhaz historian Naala Kaslandzia, “Genesis and Formation of the Kingdom of Abkhazia” (Sokhumi, 2017), was published. The questions of the genesis and formation of the Kingdom of Abkhazia are considered in it based on the study and critical analysis of Georgian, Armenian, Arab and Byzantine sources and special scientific literature. The main goal of Abkhaz historiography is to create historiographical foundations and ideological base for the Abkhazian statehood. Therefore, Abkhaz researchers try to cover stages of the development of the “centuries-old Abkhazian statehood”. Studying the questions of the history of the Kingdom of Abkhazia plays an important part in this context. N. Kaslandzia’s approach to the issues under discussion is generally the same as that of other Abkhaz historians: the Kingdom of Abkhazia was a national Abkhaz state, the Catholicosate of Abkhazia - an Abkhaz ecclesiastical organization. Despite this, unlike other Abkhaz researchers, N. Kaslandzia widely uses Georgian historical sources and recognizes their importance for studying the history of the Kingdom of Abkhazia.
creator: Bezhan Khorava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 31
ending page: 41
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.04

The History of Women's Wrestling in Central Asia During Ancient and Medieval Times
type: item
description: The history of women's wrestling in Central Asia during ancient and medieval times presents a compelling intersection of culture, gender roles, and social dynamics within nomadic societies. This article explores the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women to the sport of wrestling, tracing its roots back to matriarchal societies that existed between 40,000 and 3,000 BC. During this period, women held leadership roles within tribes, suggesting a societal structure that valued female authority and physical prowess. The Scythians and Sarmatians, nomadic groups prevalent in Central Asia, offer notable examples of societies where women participated equally in wrestling. Historical evidence indicates that these cultures embraced flexible gender roles, with women engaging in various physical activities traditionally reserved for men. The legendary warrior women known as Amazons, often linked to the Scythians, exemplified this phenomenon. Ancient texts, including those by Greek historians, document their remarkable skills in horseback riding, warfare, and archery, highlighting their formidable presence in battle. Despite the abundance of myths surrounding Amazons, modern scholarship increasingly recognizes the possibility of their historical existence. This article delves into the conflicting interpretations of the term "Amazon" and its implications for understanding gender in ancient warfare. By analyzing archaeological findings, such as graves of women buried with weapons, and historical accounts that reference female warriors, the research underscores the significant role of women in combat and the cultural importance of wrestling as a martial practice. Additionally, the article discusses the evolution of women's wrestling traditions among Turkic tribes and their survival into modern times. As contemporary Central Asia witnesses a revival of interest in traditional sports, including wrestling, this historical exploration serves to celebrate and acknowledg…
creator: Shohistahon Uljaeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 42
ending page: 45
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.05

The Papacy and the Struggle for Church Authority in the 12th–13th Centuries
type: item
description: The Catholic Church is currently the largest Christian denomination in the world in terms of followers. However, in modern times, its sphere of influence is significantly limited; the Pope can no longer be considered a serious political figure. In the Middle Ages, the Church was a significant socio-political figure in Europe. For a long time, the Popes claimed not only spiritual but also secular dominance in the region. At the beginning of the 13th century, the papacy came as close as possible to realizing these aspirations and created a unique situation in which a religious organization, being an independent participant in the international politics of the region, played a huge role in it. However, the reasons for which such a situation arose are rarely considered, as is the question of the stability of the papacy during its heyday. The main factor that allowed the Popes to compare with the most powerful secular rulers in terms of their influence on European politics was the presence of their own state with all the institutions necessary for it at that time. Since the 8th century, the head of the Catholic Church had in his possession a fairly vast territory by Italian standards, called the Papal States. To govern this territory, the church administration alone was not enough, and therefore secular feudalism developed in the Papal States and urban self-government was preserved. This naturally led to both an increase in the resources of the papacy and the emergence in its lands of a class of warriors and people capable of forming a city militia. Thanks to this, unlike the heads of other Christian denominations, the Pope could defend his political interests not only with the help of exhortations, but also by military means. Incidentally, the pontiffs used this opportunity not only for defense, but also for attack.
creator: Nargiza Gamisonia
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 46
ending page: 59
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.06

A VALUABLE BOOK ABOUT GEORGIAN-BALTIC RELATIONS
type: item
description: The collapse of the post-Soviet and post-socialist space entailed significant positive geopolitical changes. The Baltic States - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, along with Georgia, having gone through a difficult path of development, were among the first to join the European family, the states and peoples of the Baltics demonstrated their unity and purposefulness to the world community, which was recognized by the European community. The importance of studying the history of Georgia's relations with the Baltic States is also connected with the fact that in the modern world the new states of the Baltic States have achieved certain successes in international relations and acquired their significance. A comprehensive study of the history of the Baltic States and their relations with Georgia in the context of general international politics from the Middle Ages to modern times seems relevant from both historical and political points of view. It was in the context of the above-mentioned importance of the Baltic States for Georgia that the Georgian historian Nikolai (Niko) Javakhishvili studied the stages of Georgia's relations with the Baltic States. As a result of his research, N. Javakhishvili published a book. The book by N. Javakhishvili gives an idea of ​​the author of the study as a trained, qualified specialist, capable of solving complex scientific problems. The author's architecture, logical and historical "pattern" of the declared scientific study in the book is determined by the wide potential of applicability due to its universality and variability. Nikolay (Niko) Javakhishvili is a representative of the new generation of Georgian historians. He is well known in scientific circles and the public not only in Georgia, but also abroad. Nikolay (Niko) Javakhishvili is a doctor of historical sciences, professor at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. He is the author of many fundamental studies on the history of Georgia and the Caucasus. It should be no…
creator: Guram Markhulia
creator: Bezhan Khorava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 60
ending page: 67
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.07

On the Coverage of Some Controversial Issues of Abkhazian Archaeology in Modern Russian Historiography
type: item
description: In connection with such a categorical judgment, it would not be superfluous to remind A. Skakov that any early state unification, any emerging ancient nationality is consolidated around a dominant element, absorbing ethnically related and unrelated neighboring tribal groups. Ethnic monolithicity at this stage of development is almost always relative. It rarely happens that a foreign, foreign-language and comparatively small, but consolidated and passionate group becomes dominant in this process, which subsequently itself dissolves into the local ethnic group, but creates state structures for it and even leaves its name after assimilation (for example, the Normans-Rus, Turkic Bulgars, Germans-Franks, etc.). But the Colchians are definitely not such a case. They were clearly the leading ethnic group in the Eastern Black Sea region both in terms of development and consolidation, and in terms of demographic indicators. And if A. Skakov tries to prove that the Kartvelian element was only one of many in the territory of the polyethnic Colchis in ancient times, then how can we explain the almost complete Kartvelization of the territory of present-day Western Georgia, and of Turkish Lazistan, in subsequent periods? When should it have happened? For us, however, it is more important that the author, despite all the reservations, judging by the context, still recognizes the Colchians as, if not the only, then still a very significant ethnic element in this region. At the same time, he does not deny that their possessions also included the center of present-day Abkhazia, the city of Dioscuria (in fact, according to all sources, Pitiunt was also included, but oh well). At the same time, he also admits that in the adjacent regions of Abkhazia and today's Krasnodar region lived, if not actually Colchian, then Kartvelian tribes of the Moskhs. To this we must add the Svans, who certainly always bordered the Zano-Colchians from the east, and therefore, the different versions of the …
creator: Nodar Berulava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 68
ending page: 82
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.08

Cultural and Educational Policy of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Abkhazia
type: item
description: The article discusses the cultural and educational policy of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Abkhazia. Based on a cyclic study of the Legal Acts of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the press, archival documents, memories of statesmen and other historical sources of 1918-1921, the reforms carried out by the government of the First Republic in the field of education and culture are analyzed. The government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, right from the declaration of independence, on May 26, 1918, started reforms throughout Georgia, including Abkhazia: they laid the foundation for the formation of a modern educational system and a new type of educational relations, for the first time, all educational institutions were institutionally subordinated to the state, "nationalized" and regulated the educational process. They supported and financed the professional development of teachers, paid great attention to the educational rights of national minorities, especially Abkhazians, created several higher primary schools - in Sukhumi, Gagra, Ochamchire and Samurzakhano, and transformed the Sukhumi teacher's seminary into an educational institute with educational content. In Abkhazia, the first professional unions of teachers were formed at this time. At Tbilisi State University, for the first time in the history of the Abkhaz people, the foundation was laid for the scientific study and research of the Abkhaz language. As a result of the policy pursued by the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918-1921, the first music and theater societies were formed in Abkhazia by professional cadres sent from Tbilisi, which laid the foundation for the institutional development of professional music and theater collectives in the future. In the conditions of democratic Georgia, the famous Abkhazian writer and public figure Dimitri Gulia, with the support of his friends from Tbilisi, was able to create the first Abkhazian-language newspaper, which was later c…
creator: Lia Akhaladze
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 83
ending page: 92
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.19

CONQUEST OF THE WESTERN CAUCASUS AND ABKHAZIA BY RUSSIA
type: item
description: In the August 1859 one of the most important stages of Caucasian war was ended by the Russian conquest of North-East Caucasus (1763-1864). But the mountaineers of the Western Caucasus continued their fight against Russia - Adigen and Abazian tribes. During the conquest of the West Caucasus, the Russian command paid an extreme attention to the Abkhazian factor. It was obvious that till the time, Russia had only the seaside under his lead, they would never have any power on Abkhazia. Since the Autumn 1860 the Caucasian command had taken a new course of leading the war. The main way of conquesting a region was the military colonization. It has been decided to start settling the West Caucasus with the Cossack villages and move the local population to the Kubanian field or Turkey. Upcoming threat forced the West Caucasian mountaineers to ask for help the Turkey and West European countries. But the Europe and Turkey have disregarded the mountaineers tragedy. Realizing that they were not in the power of going against the Russian road of victory conquest, they knew that the mountaineers fate had been predicted. In the 1864 on the hills of Mzimta, in the highland of Gubaad (in Russian – Kbaada, now red glade) community Akhchipsu, the Caucasian war was officially announced to be over. After the conquest of the West Caucasus, Russia had no reason to maintain the existence of the autonomous Abkhazian principality any longer. In June 1864 the Abkhazian principality was abolished and the Russian governance has arrived. The eviction of most of the West Caucasus mountaineers to the Turkey was connected to the end of the Caucasian War, but the process had been started long before. According to the official records, during the years 1858-1864 470 000 people have been transferred to the Turkey and almost 90 000 from the Kuban and Lab. On the North-Eastern coast of the Black sea and in the mountains of West Caucasus there was almost no one left from the Adigenian or Abazinian populatio…
creator: Ia Jichonaia
creator: Bezhan Khorava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 93
ending page: 106
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.09

History of the Russian-Circassian War
type: item
description: The last outbreak of hostilities between Russian troops and the Adyghe occurred in 1878. The deportation of the remaining Adyghe to Turkey did not cease until 1910, sometimes several thousand people per year. In 1888, 3,421 people were expelled, in 1890 - 9,153 people, in 1895 - 3,999 people. On March 9, 1857 (seven years before the end of the Caucasian War), the government of the Sultan adopted a law on the resettlement of the highlanders of the North Caucasus to the territory of the Ottoman Empire, which promised that: anyone wishing to move to Turkey will be under the personal protection of the Sultan; the lands provided to the settlers are exempt from all taxes; everyone who moves to Thrace is exempt from military service for 6 years, and to Anatolia - for 12 years. In 1860, three years after the adoption of this law, the Administration for Muhajir (Emigrant) Affairs was established in the Ottoman Empire [Fasih Baderkhan. "The North Caucasian Diaspora in Turkey, Syria and Jordan (the second half of the 19th - first half of the 20th century)". Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2001. p. 25.]. However, as a modern Russian historian, one of the leading experts on Adyghe history, Professor Anzor Kushkhabiyev writes: "On the Ottoman coast of the Black Sea, the Circassian exiles found themselves in rather difficult conditions. Local authorities, not expecting the arrival of such a significant number of Circassians, did not have time to provide them with temporary housing and a minimum of food. The exiles were housed on the coast in tents, empty barracks, etc. Fearing the spread of epidemic diseases among the local population, the authorities created quarantine camps along the coast where the Circassian exiles had gathered. Epidemic diseases (typhus, smallpox), food shortages, and inability to adapt to new climatic conditions caused the death of a significant number of exiles. The Ottoman authorities took certain measures to assis…
creator: Avraham Shmulevich
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 107
ending page: 116
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.10

SOME INFORMATION ON THE SOURCE SCIENCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF THE TIMURID EMPIRE
type: item
description: This article analyzes some information about the source science of agricultural history of the Timurid Empire. Sources of farming during the time of Amir Temur and the Timurids are described in a fragmented and scattered state in various sources. These materials are important in understanding the factors that directly and indirectly affect the development of agriculture, policies in the field, irrigation systems, agriculture and its area expansion, taxes, land ownership, and the impact of agriculture on other industries. Archeological monuments, especially the sites and traces of gardens from the time of Amir Temur, the remains of fruits and trees, and household items provide information about the agricultural practices used during this period. The study of sources on the history of agriculture during the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids requires careful analysis and a careful approach to the interpretation of data. Also, the study of material and written sources of this period is important for historians and research scientists in studying the concepts of agriculture, agrarian relations and other fields during the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids. We sorted the materials and divided them into the group of material and written sources and covered our research on this basis.
creator: Shohistahon Uljaeva
creator: Akbar Daminov
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 117
ending page: 123
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.11

The Problem of Space and Time in Philosophy
type: item
description: The relationship between time and space is one of the main topics in philosophy, which studies the nature of reality, human perception and existence. This relationship involves various philosophical trends and schools of thought, and its discussion covers many aspects. In ancient philosophy, especially in Plato and Aristotle, space and time were considered the foundations of physical reality. Plato emphasized in his dialogues that the physical world is only a reflection of the ideal world of ideas, where time and space exist in the context of eternal forms. Aristotle, on the other hand, proposed a more “earthly” approach, viewing time as a measurement of changes associated with movement, and space as the context in which this movement occurs. With the advent of modern times, thinkers such as Descartes and Newton began to view time and space as absolute categories. Newton described space as a "receptacle" in which all events take place, and time as something universal and homogeneous. This created the basis for classical mechanics and played a decisive role in understanding physical reality. With the development of German idealism, especially in the works of Kant, there was a significant revaluation of time and space. Kant argued that space and time are not properties of things themselves, but forms of our perception. We cannot know things "as they are", but understand them only in the context of spatio-temporal categories. Thus, space and time become integral aspects of human perception, and not objective characteristics of the external world.
creator: Kakha Ketsbaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 9
ending page: 13
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.01

Philosophical Thinking and Gender Issues
type: item
description: The task of philosophy in the 21st century is to overcome antitheticality both in the answers to the "eternal" philosophical questions and in their formulation. The traditional relationship between the general and the individual, the individual and society, the possibility and reality, the project and its implementation, the new and the old, intuition and rationality, expression and aggressive means, male and female becomes in the newest philosophy, first of all, a gender theme, in relation to which a new style of philosophical thinking is formed. Gender studies influenced such philosophical schools as phenomenology, the logic of the development of its main ideas. Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, St. George, Heidegger focused the idea of ​​phenomenological research on bodily experience, meaning, significance, the language of expression or expressiveness itself. Various concepts of gender studies try to give an analytical study of subjectivity. Some of them are close to feminist issues, others are guided by the trends of the latest philosophy.
creator: Nestan Lomaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 14
ending page: 22
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.02

The concept of happiness in ancient philosophy
type: item
description: Happiness is a rather broad and complex concept in philosophy. The problem of the phenomenon of happiness attracted thinkers even in ancient times. Nowadays, the problem of happiness is very relevant. Modern people tend to delve deeper and deeper into their own "I" and look for answers to eternal questions, one of which is the problem of finding happiness. This article attempts to answer the question of what a good life is and what a person should strive for first and foremost. The possible reasons for a person's conscious or unconscious reproduction of the trajectory of his life path are analyzed, the movement along which can lead him to a happy life. Each of us at least once in our lives thought about happiness. The idea of ​​\u200b\u200bit and the ways to achieve it are different for everyone. For one, happiness is the achievement of the desired well-being, for another, it is the closeness and joy of meetings, the awareness of being needed and in demand, for a third, it is the fullness and meaningfulness of one's own life. Happiness is a certain ideal, realized in something specific. It is a good, the necessity of which is recognized by everyone. That is why a person consciously or unconsciously reproduces a peculiar trajectory of the path of life, the movement along which can lead him to his happy life. Depending on how he understands the purpose and meaning of his own life, his understanding of happiness occurs. The question of happiness is, first of all, a question about what a good life consists of and what a person should strive for first of all. As a philosophical category, happiness is presented in the works of philosophers of different periods of history. We are interested only in the ancient period.
creator: Manana Gagoshidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 23
ending page: 30
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.03

On the History of the Emergence of the Theory of Information Society
type: item
description: Information is the only resource that does not decrease in the course of the evolution of human society, but constantly increases. Information has always existed. However, since the second half of the twentieth century, with the development of computing technology, communications and telecommunications, its role has increased significantly. The formation of an information society is taking place. All this contributes to the active study of information processes. The category of "information" began to be used in many sciences, both natural and humanitarian, allowed us to take a new look at the provisions of a particular theory. Currently, there are many theories formulated by sociologists, philosophers, economists and cultural scientists in an attempt to explain the state of modern society. Some believe that humanity has entered a new era, where the leading role belongs to knowledge, information and scientific progress. Others prefer to associate the current stage of social development with the previous ones, calling modern society post-industrial, post-capitalist, postmodern or post-modern, depending on the field of activity of the scientist and his affiliation with a particular philosophical movement. Despite the fact that all thinkers agree that the second half of the twentieth century is characterized by an unprecedented growth in information volumes and the intensification of information exchange, few substantiate the characteristic properties of the new era, limiting themselves to a superficial description of the causes and possible consequences. There are a number of classifications formed by different researchers at different times in an attempt to organize information theories that have the greatest sociological significance. At the same time, it is through their comprehension that knowledge of modern reality occurs and the opportunity opens up to predict the development of mass society in the coming years. This determines the relevance of the analysis of bo…
creator: Amiran Berdzenishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 177
ending page: 184
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.18

Armenia and Azerbaijan in a geopolitical battle. Zangezur corridor
type: item
description: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of three independent states on the map of the South Caucasus was welcomed in Turkey and Iran, which had actually lost the fight for control of the region to Russia in the past. The new geopolitical situation is in their interests, as buffer states have emerged between them and their centuries-old northern rival. Tehran is also using the newly formed situation to its advantage. It has gained the opportunity to communicate with Europe through the South Caucasus, which can significantly reduce its dependence on cooperation in the field of transport with Ankara. One of Tehran's goals is to prevent Ankara from gaining strength in the region, which is beneficial for Russia, as it creates an opportunity to restore control over the region. On the other hand, if there is a prospect of creating a military-political union of the CIS countries led by Moscow, Iran can be safely listed as an opponent of such a union, as it will be perceived as a threat to its own national security. But, as such a union is not expected in the near future, then Iran can be perceived as a Russian ally in the fight against the spread of Turkish and US influence in the region. In addition to neighbors, European countries and the United States are interested in the region. European countries prefer to act with the help of EU programs, which allows them to achieve better results at lower costs. It must be recognized that the South Caucasus is not a priority area in EU policy, so instead of large-scale investments from European companies, there is mainly technical assistance and educational programs, the main goal of which is to find internal resources in the countries of the region, optimize their use. The main political goals of the EU must be recognized as maintaining the independence of the South Caucasus states, primarily from Moscow, as well as stabilizing the situation in them. However, the main goal of the EU in the region is to develop the hydro…
creator: Elguja Kavtaradze
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 124
ending page: 129
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.12

RESULTS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND THE «PRO-EUROPEAN» REFERENDUM IN MOLDOVA: WHAT’S NEXT?
type: item
description: The presidential elections on October 20 and November 3, 2024 and the referendum on amendments to the Constitution of Moldova, which should guarantee the immutability of the pro-European course of our country, turned out to be closely linked to each other. Gradually losing the former support of voters in the country, the current President M. Sandu, having set herself the task of being re-elected for a second term, on the advice of the «curator» of the Moldovan right, the German M. Sieg, decided to hold a referendum on amending the Constitution on the same day as the presidential elections, in order to guarantee the European course of our country in the future, and at the same time to strengthen her own political position as a living symbol of the European course. However, the results of the elections and referendum caused disappointment in the camp of the ruling party in Moldova, PAS, and in M. Sandu herself, showing that her previous popular support is now a thing of the past. The changes to the Constitution were supported by a very small majority of votes, only 50.35% of the votes. In the presidential elections, also completely unexpectedly for herself personally, but not for analysts, M. Sandu initially lost to her opponent, supported by the Kremlin and the pro-Russian party of socialists - the former Prosecutor General of Moldova A. Stoianoglo, and only thanks to the votes of the Moldovan diaspora abroad, she managed to win a more or less obvious victory, receiving 55.35% of the votes in the second round. But on the territory of Moldova itself, Sandu lost to her opponent, having secured the support of only 48.81% of the votes, and A. Stoianoglo - 51.19%. Sandu almost never analyzes the reasons for this actual defeat and tries not to mention them, with the exception of her recognition of the failure of her main reform - the justice reform, which was supposed to make this sector more efficient and contribute to increasing the people’s trust in her government. In p…
creator: Ruslan Shevchenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 130
ending page: 136
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.13

On the history of the formation of the system in international relations
type: item
description: The system of international relations has its own history, so until the middle of the 17th century, international relations were characterized by the disunity of their participants, the lack of system of international interactions, the main manifestation of which were short-term armed conflicts or long wars. At different periods, the historical hegemons in the world were Ancient Egypt, the Persian Empire, the Empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Empire of Charlemagne, the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, etc. All of them were focused on establishing their sole domination, building a unipolar world. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church, headed by the papal throne, tried to establish its domination over peoples and states. International relations were anarchic in nature and were characterized by great uncertainty. As a result, each participant in international relations was forced to take steps based on the unpredictability of the behavior of other participants, which led to open conflicts. It is precisely the consideration of these issues that is the goal of this article.
creator: Tinatin Kemashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 137
ending page: 141
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.20

Russia's War in Ukraine and Security Issues of the European Union
type: item
description: The integration process that began in Western European countries in the mid-20th century and subsequently spread to Southern, Eastern and Northern Europe had a significant impact on the further development of the countries of the region. The changes that took place during the second half of the 20th century were, to a certain extent, revolutionary in nature. They affected the socio-economic and political spheres and had far-reaching consequences for the system of international relations. The economic cooperation that underlies the integration process was eventually supplemented by coordination of actions in the sphere of foreign policy, security and defense, including military aspects. A number of internal and external factors influenced the development of these processes. On the one hand, the very logic of the development of the integration process required the expansion of cooperation areas to the area of ​​foreign policy to protect their economic interests, on the other hand, the aggravation of international contradictions, and as a consequence the emergence of a number of conflict zones in various regions raised the question of the formation of an effective security system. European countries believed that their geopolitical space was reliably protected and seemed not to expect an enemy, but with their policy they received a war of Russia against the Ukrainian state. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 marked the end of European security as a cooperative project. That project was based on the so-called Helsinki Decalogue, a declaration in the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 that set out agreed principles of conduct between the West and the Soviet bloc. In the years and decades that followed, European security became more complex and expansive, especially after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Arms control agreements, institutional arrangements between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russia, and the a…
creator: Omar Ardasheliya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 142
ending page: 149
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.14

Geopolitics of the Middle East and ASEAN in Contemporary Political Dynamics
type: item
description: The Middle East, stretching from Libya in the west to Iran in the east and from Turkey in the north to Yemen in the south, and Southeast Asia is a vast macro-region encompassing 11 continental and island territories: Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia and part of Bangladesh. has long been the focus of influential political figures throughout history. Its strategic location at the crossroads of trade routes has elevated its status as one of the most significant regions in the world. In the last century, the discovery of oil in the region and its subsequent dominance as a global energy source has further increased the region's importance. This article analyzes key geopolitical aspects and trends that shed light on the Geopolitics of the Middle East and ASEAN countries in contemporary political dynamics. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of the Middle East and Southeast Asian countries in global geopolitics and how they cope with challenges while capitalizing on opportunities in the international political dynamics in the era of globalization. As the world order undergoes significant changes, the countries of the Middle East and Southeast Asia face complex challenges such as geopolitical tensions, regional conflicts, major power interventions, and changing strategic alliances. However, they also have opportunities to strengthen their diplomatic and economic positions through international cooperation, investment, and active roles in multilateral organizations. Using a qualitative analytical approach, this study examines the foreign policies, diplomatic strategies, and international relations dynamics of these countries, including their role in organizations such as the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and their relations with major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia. The study uses a qualitative analytical approach with a literature review method. The data is obt…
creator: Marina Izoria
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 150
ending page: 157
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.15

Syria after Bashar al-Assad. Geopolitical situation in the Middle East.
type: item
description: The relevance of the topic is due to many factors, the events of the "Arab Spring" that took place in North Africa and the Middle East since 2011 caused a systemic crisis in a number of countries in the region. The armed confrontation that initially arose between the official authorities of the SAR, led by President Bashar al-Assad and the camp of his opponents, attracted the close attention of a number of regional and international actors, which contributed to both the complication of the structure of the Syrian conflict and its internationalization. The evolution of the conflict occurred under the influence of many diverse factors, including the terrorist threat brought by radical Islamist groups, which then began to spread beyond Syria and further - the entire Arab world. On the night of December 8, 2024, the conflict in Syria reached its peak. The armed opposition occupied Damascus and declared the fall of the Bashar al-Assad regime. A certain part of the national territory remains outside the control of Damascus, the socio-economic sphere has suffered greatly, and the painful problem of refugees has not been resolved. The conflict continues to have a negative impact on regional security. Such volatility poses a threat not only to Syria, but to the entire Near and Middle East. The collapse of the Bashar al-Assad regime represents a turning point in Middle East politics. The rapid collapse of the Assad government, which had dominated Syrian and regional affairs for more than 50 years, was unthinkable for many, but it materialized in less than two weeks, as rebel forces swept across the country. This seismic event not only changes the internal dynamics of Syria, but also lays the foundation for a new stage in regional geopolitics. The nuances of Assad's fall, the rise of rebel coalitions, and the complex interplay of domestic and global players deserve closer examination to understand the challenges and opportunities in a post-Assad Syria. Bashar al-Assad’s govern…
creator: Dazmir Jojua
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
number: 29
starting page: 158
ending page: 170
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.16

Geopolitics – A Threat to International Relations
type: item
description: We live in a world where geopolitics has become a universal term used in everyday life. Looking at world maps, politicians, experts, journalists, scientists and even ordinary Georgian peasants use it to explain the latest processes taking place in the country and in international relations, no matter how complex and multi-layered they may initially seem. Geopolitics has entered the mass consciousness of public opinion, resembling people’s views on the world order and national interests. Every new political crisis, be it domestic or international, revolution, regime change, international or regional conflict, intervention, hybrid war, or just war, business interests of transnational and multinational corporations, the establishment of oil and gas routes or fluctuations in world markets are explained through the prism of geopolitics. Citizens of the United States of America believe that America’s interests are best preserved if the country achieves its strategic goals in the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, the South Caucasus, Africa or Asia. The United States must be an advanced country that controls the rest of the world so that its own population lives better than anyone else, and so that people from all over the world come to the United States to earn money. And all this is because the leaders of the United States are the best geopoliticians in the world. Russia lags behind the West in all spheres of life, but does everything to survive as a Power. It managed to bomb Georgian cities and villages, destroy the Georgian population in order to occupy historical Georgian regions, Russian citizens approved of Russia’s policy towards Georgia with their silence, since it all came not from hatred of Georgia, but from Geopolitics. Georgia simply ended up where the West or the East needed to be, and proud Georgians console themselves by mocking them, like where were they when we wrote poetry!!! And, they blame it all on geopolitics! The actual occupation of Iraq, the ov…
creator: Guram Markhulia
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21
number: 29
starting page: 171
ending page: 176
doi: 10.52340/isj.2024.29.17