All submitted manuscripts in the refereed journal undergo double-blind peer-review process before publication. The present proceedings is compiled according to SCOPUS classification system of scientific journals. The views of authors may not coincide with the positions of the Editorial Board. Author is responsible for the quality and content of the article. The journal is Multidisciplinary. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/tuw.2021.07.28 E-ISSN: 2667-9949 ISSN: 1512-0600
The Role of the Entrepreneurial Team in the Development of Enterprises
In the article we discuss the entrepreneurial culture that is prevalent in modern Georgian business and, accordingly, does not pay enough attention by business operators. However, in the business culture of developed countries, many studies have shown that a professional team is superior to individual workers. Although entrepreneurial culture refers to the entire environment where individuals are motivated to generate innovative ideas and discuss them, the authors focus on the main component and integral part of the culture - the workers who form entrepreneurial groups. One of the necessary conditions for the functioning of a business company is the creation of an effective entrepreneurial team. The team should be a well-knit, flexible organism and should be able to respond quickly and effectively to any changes. The goal of the functioning of such groups should be to achieve long-term positive results, the working group may be temporary, but the result they achieve should definitely be profitable for any business in the future. Considering the modern competitive environment, the success of a business depends on the entrepreneur's ability to form a team that will be able to understand new innovative ideas, analyze their feasibility and, as a result, develop an effective business model so that the firm can achieve long-term success. In the conditions of the modern competitive environment, more business operators will be able to form their own teams, which will be able to understand new ideas, analyze their feasibility and, as a result, develop a business model, which will allow the firm to achieve increased longevity. The authors studied and analyzed several scientific studies and relevant scientific literature, as a result of which the purpose of the work was revealed and the main point here was not the importance and necessity of the entrepreneurial groups, which is no longer controversial from either a scientific or practical point of view, we have highlighted exactly those mistakes that the entrepreneur - businessman may make during forming an entrepreneurial group. As we noted in the article, for a company to achieve long-term success in a competitive market, it is important to understand that the idea and an opportunity are completely different phenomena, and for the idea to turn into the opportunity for a company, the functioning of entrepreneurial teams needs to be oriented towards common strategic goals.
Resources and Prospects of Wellness Tourism in Kakheti Region within the Context of Sustainable Development
The study “Resources and Prospects of Wellness Tourism in Kakheti Region within the Context of Sustainable Development” examines the growing demand for wellness tourism and its implications for the country and the region. The aim of the paper is to identify the measures necessary for the development of therapeutic and wellness tourism in Kakheti region. Statistics demonstrate an increasing interest among modern travelers in therapeutic and wellness tourism, which is characterized by a significant advantage: high-spending visitors. Georgia's 2024 Tourism Action Plan and its communication strategy have identified the development of wellness and medical tourism as one of the primary objectives. The country possesses substantial resources for the development of balneological and climatic resorts, which remain largely unexploited and unstudied. The development of these resources should be preceded by scientific research and the analysis of its findings. Mineral waters, therapeutic mud, forests, a healthy environment, favorable climate, and wine production provide sufficient grounds to explore the potential for developing wellness and “wellness” tourism in Kakheti region. The natural and recreational resources in the region should be utilized more actively for the purposes of relaxation, prevention, and rehabilitation for both local residents and foreign visitors. Notably, tourists who visit Kakheti for sightseeing tend to stay for no more than one to three days. To attract high-spending tourists who are likely to stay longer and spend more at the destination, it is essential to develop therapeutic and wellness tourism. The conclusions presented in the study highlight the importance of quality, continuity, and balance for the sustainable development of tourism, requiring a comprehensive approach. The objectives outlined in the study are achievable, as Kakheti region has the necessary recreational resources for the development of therapeutic and wellness tourism. To properly assess these resources, research should be initiated, and a unified database should be created based on the findings. Additionally, the potential of these resources must be clearly defined.
WEB – CMS Technologies and Future Challenges
The development of web technologies is one of the most significant characteristics of the digital age. Web Content Management Systems (CMS) enable users to create, manage, and update content with ease, without requiring in-depth technical knowledge. Their evolution has progressed from the static structures of WEB 1.0 to the decentralized and intelligent platforms of WEB 3.0. The purpose of this work is to present: The evolutionary rise of web technologies, including WEB 1.0, WEB 2.0, and WEB 3.0, along with the fundamental aspects of CMS and WCMS technologies. Main trends in WEB 3.0 technologies and the challenges shaping the future of web development. Examples of websites based on WEB 2.0 technologies. My practical experience: practical models developed within an teaching project, specifically blog-style websites hosted in cloud-based environments: www.wordPress.com www.blogger.com www.sites.google.com
Formation of Foreign Language Communicative Competence Based on Modern Information and Communication Technologies
Modern information and communication technologies are a powerful tool that contributes to the formation of foreign language communicative competence. They open new opportunities for foreign language teaching, making the process more interactive, motivating and individualised. The use of interactive online resources, video and audio materials, virtual environments and collaborative learning allows students to actively apply language skills, develop communicative skills and overcome language barriers. However, in order to successfully realise the potential of information and communication technologies in foreign language teaching, it is necessary to take into account challenges such as teacher training, accessibility of technologies for all students, a balanced combination of ICT with traditional methods and constant updating, and adaptation of the educational process to modern requirements.
Project-Based learning – Modern Approaches and Challenges to Foreign Language Educational Processes
Knowladge of a foreign language is considered a priority and an important criterion for human competitiveness. In today’s world, English is recognized as the international language and the primary tool of communication. As a result, in public schools, it has been established as the first foreign language, with its study beginning in tje first grade, according to the national curriculum standard. The 21st century is the era of technology and communication, wich has brought significant challenges to the field of education. The growing need to apply knowladge in practice and develop self-development skills has come to the forefront. Educational programs and currucula have undergone changes, with new standards being developed and improved each year. A comprehensive document, the National Curriculum Plan, has been created and is being developed dtep by step. The Ministry of Education has developed outcome-oriented teaching strategies and empowered teachers to impart know using various teaching methods. It has become essential to introduce modern techniques and innovations into the educational process. The development of 21st-century competencies is achievable only through the use of new, engaging methods. As a result, project-based learning is considered one of the most important approaches. In Georgian public schools, teaching with these priorities is implemented through a variety of strategies. Specifically, English teaching use a range of methods to ensure that students develop critical thinking skills alongside their language proficiency. These strategies not only focus on language acquisition but also encourage students to apply their skills in practical situations. For the research, we used a standart survey method to gather and summarize data. Based on a specific example implemented in the public sector of one of the municipalities, we conducted the research by studyng a case study. We believe the artcile will be of interest to practicing teachers and those in society who are interested in theoretical research.
"Art, and specifically fine arts, serves as a constant companion in a child's development," wrote L.S. Vygotsky. The most interesting and captivating activity for a child is drawing. It allows the child to convey the reality they have drawn in their artwork. Drawing develops the child's thinking, memory, imagination, artistic taste, sense of color and its combination, and fine motor skills. It teaches them to think and analyze. The child already notices and tries to convey the colorfulness of the outside world in their artwork. There are numerous methods aimed at mastering drawing techniques. One of the leading methods among these is the play method. Play is one form of human behavior, especially in children. The German scientist Müller believed that play is an activity, the basis of which is the acquisition of functional pleasure. As a teaching method, play should meet the following requirements: a) Creation of a play scenario b) Involvement of each child in the game The organization of the play method is carried out by the teacher, who must have the ability to invent and create a scenario, much like a playwright. The teacher must create roles and special dialogues around the specific lesson and topic. Sometimes, the characters and the narrative transform into such an interesting, grand fairy tale that it is possible to stage it theatrically. The theater is a magical world for every child, and how exciting it is when they themselves become the actors, the artists, creating costumes and decorations, choosing the music—what could be a more emotional and grand celebration for children than this? The play method is used at various stages of drawing: before starting the artwork, that is, at the preparatory stage, during the process of creating the drawing, and after completing the drawing. This final stage will be a type of play where the characters, plots, and specific objects from the drawing are depicted. For example, we ask the children to bring the drawing to life and take on roles. In order for the play method to yield the desired results, it is important to consider the children's age.
„AKHMETIS TSITELI’S“ AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Viticulture and winemaking in Georgia is one of the distinctive branches of agriculture, as the country's soil-climatic, diverse conditions create the opportunity for the development of high-quality viticulture, which is enhanced by the abundance of diverse, local grape varieties. Of the local varieties of Georgian vines, 80 are known to grow in Kakheti. From these, a selection was made, called "Akhmetis Tsiteli", which is also known as "Akhmetis Shavi", and studied by us, to present Georgian uniqueness and diversity. A comparison was made with old and scarce data. Which is described in detail in the article. The goal was to study the forgotten variety. To study its properties, or agricultural technological characteristics. Accordingly, the study was carried out on the hard parts of the grape: claret, pistil, skin. The chemical components were studied in the juice and its potential was determined. Understanding which direction the variety belongs to, wine or table, the grape variety “Akhmetis Tsiteli” that is in our field of interest. The task is to study the variety and use it accordingly to demonstrate its potential. The current research is the initial stage of studying previously unstudied grape varieties. The main task is to support farmers, and at the same time, the varieties should be returned to their places of origin. Against the backdrop of climate change, the field is faced with the need to conduct in-depth research on those varieties that have been forgotten today due to historical misfortunes. According to current data, the existence of the variety “Akhmetis Tsiteli” in the Akhmeta municipality is no longer recorded. The variety requires additional research.
DETERMINATION OF DETERGENTS IN SOME ABSHERON LAKES
Azerbaijan has large water resources. Part of it belongs to lakes. Lakes are distributed unevenly throughout the country. There are more lakes on the Absheron Peninsula. There are more than 200 lakes here, most of which are small and dry up in the hot season. Lakes have a significant impact on determining the climatic conditions and water balance on the peninsula and on the environmental situation in this densely populated area of ​​the country as a whole. The Absheron lakes used to be rare lakes by their nature. Environmental monitoring of the Absheron lakes was carried out and the amounts of various pollutants in these water bodies were found. To determine the amount of surfactants in some Absheron lakes, water samples were taken from the lakes Zykh, Boyukshor, Gumyatagh, Bulbule, Kurdekhani, Khojasen, Yasamal, Masazir, Gyrmyzy and the amounts of synthetic surfactants (SAS) of non-ionic origin were determined.
Study of the Physical-Chemical and Organoleptic Characteristics of Bread Enriched with Dried Black Plum (Prune)
A study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical parameters and organoleptic properties of standard bread and bread enriched with dried prunes. The results showed that the use of dried prunes affects the bread's crumb acidity, moisture, porosity, as well as the content of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The energy value of the finished product was 237.65 kcal. Bread enriched with dried prunes stands out not only for its taste and distinctiveness but also for the biologically active substances contained in the various natural ingredients. Together, these contribute to the high nutritional value of the final product, giving it functional significance from a therapeutic, preventive, and health-promoting perspective.
Telavi State University and Innovations in Georgian Wine Industry
Since the beginning of XXI century, Georgian winemaking has experienced many fluctuations. The embargo implemented by Russia on Georgia became the most important reason why Georgian wine sought key markets in European, Asian and American countries. In order to provide different quality products to new customers, it was necessary to revive traditional winemaking, modernize technologies and introduce certain innovations, as well as to diversify the Georgian wine assortment with new products. Large wine companies and newly established family wineries faced these challenges. It became obvious that a new joint word should be mentioned by the scientists and workers as well as the practicians and specialists of this field who create innovative technologies and products. In this Article, we are talking just about the joint activities and relations that have been formed in the last decade between Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University on the one hand and Kakheti wine companies and family wineries on the other hand. "Shumi", "Schuchmann-Wines-Georgia", "Kindzmarauli", "Askaneli Brothers", "Besini", “Buera”, "Khareba", "GWS", "Shilda", "Vepkhishvili Family Winery", "Shakarashvili Family Winery", "Iumi", "Gomurashvilebi" LTD “Gorgora”... - this is an incomplete list of the companies and wine cellars where number of innovations were introduced, the existing technologies of wine production were improved, foreign and traditional methods were combined, new brands with no analogies were created with the participation of Telavi State University students and professors. Georgian wine has diversified as a result of joint activities; Immediately after its creation, alcoholic beverages became popular: "Simonaseuli", "Zigu", "Shobili", "Barbale", "Kagor", "Ilerco", "Kavkasioni", "Aromatized Vodkas", "Kvevri Kindzmarauli", "Tamaris Vazi", Liqueur "25/25", "Grape Vodka" "Oak-aged Grape Vodka" "Yumi", "Telavi Liqueurs", "Georgian Pet-Nat", "Amphor Usakhelouri" and others; Kakhuri Churchkhela (Kakhetian candy), useful for health, was produced with the jointly developed innovative technology; own cultural yeasts endemic to Georgian classical wines were bred. The new brands listed above were not only manufactured, but also studied from a scientific point of view: according to the organoleptic and physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and the content of health-beneficial substances. Thus, the article shows one of the effective ways of creating innovations in the Georgian wine industry - the close relationship between science and business.
Soil Hydromelioration Problems in the Context of Global Climate Change
Water is one of the most important and highly mobile components of soil. The processes of weathering, humification and mineralization of organic waste are carried out with the participation of water. Water is present in the soil in several forms of soil moisture, which is the basis for the life of microorganisms and higher plants. Normal development of plants and soil microorganisms is impossible without sufficient moisture. To produce 1 gram of dry matter, a plant uses from 200 to 1000 grams of water. The dynamics of moisture in the soil depends on the soil type and the soil formation process. Alluvial soils have always been distinguished by their exceptional moisture content, which has led to the cultivation of many types of agricultural crops on this soil. Global climate change has raised some questions about soil moisture dynamics, as a result of the irrational amount and uneven distribution of moisture, we have experienced a significant moisture deficit in some soils, and an excess in others. The goal of the scientific research is to determine the amount of moisture in alluvial soil. The amount of moisture in the soil was used to determine its moisture reserves and forms. As a result, the actual moisture content, as well as the maximum molecular and maximum hygroscopic water content, was determined in the soil. As a result of determining the above-mentioned forms and reserves of moisture, it was determined how much moisture is needed to fully provide alluvial soil with moisture. The moisture requirements of annual (wheat, corn) and perennial (adult and seedling grapevine) crops on alluvial soil were studied, the wilting moisture of these crops was determined, and finally the amount of moisture required for irrigation was determined. Before determining the soil water standards, the alluvial soil profile was described according to different locations, and the physicochemical data of the mentioned soils were studied. The scientific paper discusses irrigation water norms and irrigation implementation dates for grain and grape crops. This data has changed in light of global climate change.
Own Cultural Yeast - an Effective Means of Achieving the Identity of Georgian Wines
Winemaking has been the leading economic field in Georgia since time immemorial, and Saperavi is an ancient entrepreneurial grape variety, the wine made from which has high value properties: from a technological, commercial and medical point of view. As a rule, wines made from one variety and from different places of origin should have different individuality. This regularity is violated by foreign commercial dry yeast, which was massively imported to Georgia for fermentation of grapes at the end of the last century and is still actively used today, with the help of which the individuality is absorbed and the characteristics of the wines of different origins are unified. In addition, due to the use of yeasts bought expensively with foreign currency, the cost of Georgian wines has also increased, which creates a significant problem for wine producing companies from a commercial point of view. For the first time in the history of Georgian winemaking, a way to solve this challenge was tried in product quality-oriented "Shumi Winery": with the cooperation of scientists from Telavi State University and Free University of Brussels, for wines with three designations of origin of Saperavi - Mukuzani, Kindzmarauli, Napareuli - the dominant pure strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated and purified from the wild yeasts present in the wine sediment fermented on natural yeast, in other words their own cultural yeasts were produced. Today, "Shumi" makes exceptionally high-quality "Mukuzani", "Kindzmarauli", "Napareuli" based on these yeasts. In the master's scientific research, the results of which are presented in the present article, a fundamental study of the properties of wines made from the Saperavi grapes of these three microzones on their own cultural strains was conducted for the first time: 1) According to biochemical qualitative indicators; 2) According to the substances useful for health (biologically active substances, antioxidants) 3) According to the content of the substances harmful to health (radionuclides); 4) According to organoleptic characteristics; Wines made with newly bred yeasts were compared with wines made with commercial yeasts from the same raw materials. It was established that the various qualitative indicators of wines made on own yeast are not inferior to similar indicators of wines made on foreign commercial yeast and, in some cases, are better than them. Due to its high actuality and great importance for Georgian winemaking, the research was financed by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia.
The Influence of Yeast Race on the Characteristics of Sparkling wines
The typical and distinctive characteristicts of sparkling wines are their sparkle and foam formation. The formation of foam on thesurface of wine depends largely on the content of surfactants in it. The role of these agents in wine is playedby colloidal substances and compounds – proteins, polyphenols, lipids and polysaccharides. The concentration of high-molecular substances in wine depends on a number of factors, including the physiological characteristics of the used yeast race. In champagne wine samples, the mass concentration of high-molecular substances determining surface-active properties were defined, as well as the sum of surfactants and such physicochemical indicators as the coefficient of resistance to carbon dioxide release, the ability of foam formation and the pressure of carbon dioxide, which determine the sparkle and foaminess of wine.The highest foaming ability value of 18.7 seconds was determined in the test sample obtained with the SP-39 race, which exceeds the indicator in the control sample by 2 seconds, and it also correlates with the highest indicator of the total amount of surfactants in this sample. The main criterion of champagnization is the creation of excess pressure in the two-gas system created by wine and carbon dioxide. The highest pressure (460 MPa) was achieved while using SP-39 race, which indicates its high fermentation activity. It contributes to the complete fermentation of sugars. It is followed by the race IOS 18-2017, which created a pressure of 420 MPa in the bottle. The lowest carbon dioxide pressure was recorded while using X-16 race, which was 340 MPa. The results of the study showed technological advantages of the race SP-39 over other research races of active yeasts. The wine obtained with the given race showed the highest total surfactant indicator (3260 mg/dm3), which correlated with the highest indicator of foaming ability and higher capacity of carbon dioxide retention in this sample. The use of SP-39 race also resulted in the development of a higher carbon dioxide pressure at the end of the secondary fermentation.
The Influence of Race of Yeast on the Compound of the White Table Wines
In winemaking, the high quality of wine materials essentially depends on the type of yeast. Yeasts race affects fermentation dynamics, the formation of flavor and aroma, as well as the stability of wine materials. Properly selected yeast race can produce wine materials with predictable quality and chemical composition. The aim of the research was to stady the influence of French-made yeasts on the amount of organic acids, esters and higher alcohols formed during the fermentation of grape must, which determines the quality of wine and its organoleptic characteristics. The latent period was practically identical for all four experimental races. In the control variant, fermentation proceeded more slowly, and the exponential phase was established more quickly. The consumption of relatively active sugars and the release of carbon dioxide were observed while using VitilevureCsmYseo and ExcellenceXP races. The least active carbon dioxide release was noted in the control sample. Sugar fermentation by ActifloreF33 race was completed on the sixth day, by other experimental races – on the ninth day, and the control sample – on the tenth day. The obtained results can be differently explained in the activity of enzyme systems of different yeast races, which is likely related to their genetic characteristics. In this regard, it was interesting to study the chemical composition of the obtained wine materials. Tasting of the obtained wine materials revealed a correlation between the tasting evaluation and the concentration of titratable acids, especially between the malic and lactic acids, and higher alcohols. The highest tasting evaluation got the wine material prepared using the ActifloreF33 race. The remaining wine materials had almost equal organoleptic evaluation.
Northern Caucasians, Genoese Colonies and the Crimean Khanate in the 15th Century
In the 15th century, between Tana (Azov) and Sebastopol (Sukhumi), 39 colonies of the Genoese emerged in the northwestern Caucasus. The ethnic composition of the Genoese colonies was quite diverse. However, in this diversity, the number of Genoese was extremely small. From a legal perspective, the Genoese were completely privileged citizens, as in the self-governing bodies of the minority population in the colonies, they held as many seats as the other residents combined, who were ten times greater in number than the Genoese. During this period, there was a significant response to slave trading. The vast majority of slaves who were taken from the Black Sea coast to other countries primarily consisted of Tatars, Adyghe, Abkhazians, and Dagestanis, as well as other Caucasians. Particularly large markets were held in the cities of Caffa, Tana, Sebastopol, and Koper. In the second half of the 13th century, the Tatars began to gain a foothold in Crimea. Initially, they chose a nomadic lifestyle and only stayed in Crimea for wintering, returning to the steppes of the Dniester in the spring with their herds. Over time, they seized lands and subjugated the local populations living there: Laz, Armenians, Greeks, and Slavs. By the early 14th century, the Tatars had firmly established themselves in Crimea and set up a local lordship under the suzerainty of the Golden Horde, whose leader, the “tumanji,” appointed by the Golden Horde, enjoyed significant powers.
Relations Between North Caucasians and Russians in the 15th Century
The relations between the Russian principalities and the Northern Caucasian people were extremely negatively affected by the invasions of the Tatar-Mongol conquerors. For a certain period, these relationships ceased altogether. The beginning of the renewal of these relations can be considered the meetings of the leaders of the regions under the Golden Horde in its capital. The historical sources of this time provide us with many interesting pieces of information about these relationships. It is characteristic of Russian historians that they equate the liberation struggle against the Tatar-Mongols with the liberation struggles of all peoples conquered by the Mongols, and they believe that it was Russia that initiated the victories against the conquerors, which is a biased approach to the issue. All peoples groaning under the Tatar-Mongols, fought for their independence, and the freedoms they attained are also their merit. There were also trade relations between the Northern Caucasian peoples and the Russians. One of the main directions in this regard was the trade relations conducted through the Volga River to the cities on the Caspian Sea, notably Derbent and Baku. Certainly, the development of trade relations was accompanied by the emergence of political relations.
Addresses of the First President of Georgia in Exile to the Population of Abkhazia
As a result of the tragic events that took place in Tbilisi in December-January of 1991-1992, the legitimately elected president of the Republic of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, became a displaced person from his own homeland. Despite this, he did not cease his efforts for the well-being of his country. The Georgian press contains records of his addresses to the population of Abkhazia, which he made against the backdrop of the anticipated or already ongoing bloody conflict in Abkhazia. Currently, when more than three decades have passed since these events, we are provided with the opportunity to draw more and, most importantly, more accurate conclusions. The issue itself remains relevant, as it is still pertinent today to properly define the political orientation of the country and address the gross interference of Russian imperial forces in Georgia's internal affairs, driven by the personal interests and active support of renegade emissaries they sent. Considering the current state of Georgia, which has been repeatedly harmed by these actions, the country's territorial integrity has been violated, hundreds of thousands of citizens have been displaced from their lands, and we continue to bear the consequences of the violent overthrow of the democratically elected national government. The search, analysis, and discussion of existing printed materials provide us with the opportunity to conclude that Zviad Gamsakhurdia did not spare any effort in trying to prevent a bloody confrontation in Abkhazia. Even in the conditions of the war, his attempt to stop the bloodshed and resolve the issue through diplomatic means seemed somewhat hopeful. However, Eduard Shevardnadze's treacherous position effectively sabotaged the negotiations process that had started successfully. Moreover, today, high-ranking officials of his own government reveal in their interviews that E. Shevardnadze was an adventurer and the instigator of the war, who usurped power and failed to govern due to the protest movement from supporters of the legitimate government, which was clearly evident even in the territory of Abkhazia. To consolidate his positions in power, he made a decision harmful to the country, which simultaneously aligned with the Kremlin's interests and was supported by the separatist government of Abkhazia. Therefore, today we can conclusively distinguish between right and wrong in the events that unfolded in Georgia, specifically in the territory of Abkhazia, in 1992-1993. This will help those interested in the issue and the broader public, both in drawing correct conclusions and in the process of evaluating and re-evaluating certain events.
Executed in September 1924 in Sighnaghi District (Based on Archival Materials)
The year 2024 marks the centenary of the anti-Soviet armed uprising of August 1924. Across Georgia, including the Kakheti region - specifically in Telavi and Sighnaghi Districts - local Soviet enforcement structures arrested numerous individuals on charges of participating in the uprising, some of whom were subsequently executed. A detailed analysis of the comprehensive lists of those executed in Kakheti in 1924, obtained by us, reveals that these lists are incomplete. This is confirmed by materials retrieved and analyzed from the Georgian National Archives and the Ministry of Internal Affairs archives concerning those executed in Sighnaghi District. It was established that the names listed among those executed in Sighnaghi District are not fully reflected in the consolidated lists of individuals executed across Georgian districts. According to archival materials from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 857 individuals were executed in August 1924 for alleged participation in the anti-Soviet armed uprising. The general execution lists are preserved in duplicate and provide details such as the number, rank, and social class of those executed in Georgia during August-September 1924. However, discrepancies exist between these lists and other records of executions in Georgia. For instance, the general list does not include the following names: Korashvili Nikoloz, Alexander Khirsely, Rtskhiladze Giorgi, Nanobashvili Giga, Natsvlishvili Giorgi. This omission of four names suggests that the general execution list is incomplete. Similar inconsistencies are evident in the execution records from Sighnaghi District. For example, the individual listed as "N14 – Abashidze Nikoloz, 35 years old, national democrat, prince, middle class" was reportedly born in 1869. This means he would have been 55 years old at the time of his execution, not 35. Such errors appear consistently across all versions of the execution lists. Nikoloz Abashidze, a notable member of the Kaht-Abashidze family, was a representative of the Tbilisi branch of the Society for the Spread of Literacy among Georgians and a known philanthropist. Additional materials further confirm that the number of those executed was greater than indicated in the general list. Archival records from the "Central Executive Committee of Georgia" of the Georgian SSR, stored in the National Archives of Georgia, document meetings held in October 1924 in villages such as Telavi and Sighnaghi Districts. These records reveal the violent expulsion of individuals, primarily from the nobility, clergy, and intelligentsia, during September 1924. In some cases, this process involved physical punishment and extrajudicial killings by mobs. One such case is documented in the minutes of the Akhasheni-Chumlaki village council meeting on October 2, 1924. These records mention the "family of the executed Georgi Tsinamdrishvili" as among those expelled. However, the name Georgi Tsinamdrishvili does not appear in any archival lists of executions from Sighnaghi District. This omission, alongside the absence of at least four names from the general list of executions preserved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, highlights the incomplete and inconsistent nature of these records. Therefore, it can be concluded that the officially recognized number of those executed in Sighnaghi District during August-September 1924 is inaccurate - the actual number of executions was higher.
THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE IN THE XVI-TH – XVIII-th CENTURIES IN THE NOTES OF FOREIGNERS
In this article the main works of foreign authors (S.Gerbershtein, M.Litvin, E.Lyasota, G.Boplan, K.Shevalye, K.Gildebrant, P.Alepskiy, A.Vimina, H.Eyler, Y.Gildenshtedt, Y.Miller, J.-B.Sherer) are analyzed. The article focuses the reader’s attention on describing the process of the settling of Steppe Ukraine in the XVI – XVIII centuries and the role of the Ukrainian people in it. The process of formation of independent Ukrainian state has ethno-political problems. For the decision of these problems the authors analyzed the role of Ukrainians in settlement and development of the South of Ukraine in the XVI-th – XVIII-th centuries. The article stresses that there were many Russians, Tatars, Greeks and others people who took an active part in formation of Ukrainian ethnic group. Different sources of foreign authors are subject of the research. The authors investigate the main works of foreign authors (monographs, investigations, travel notes, letters, reports and so on). The main peculiarities of these sources are: chronological nature; the authors make a dubious assumption that it has the elements of art work; not many of them have scientific nature. South of Ukraine is a territory which borders on state boundary of the Russian Federation in the East; on such rivers as the Siversky Donets the Oril and the Tjasmin in the North, on rivers the Sinjukha and the Kodyma and the state boundary of Moldova in the West. Some ethno-political aspects of the modern problems connected with settling up a state may be solved by means of scientific analysis applied to the role of Ukrainian nation in settling and development of its territory specifically Southern Ukraine in the period of the XVI – XVIII centuries.
Biographical Overview of Ioane Abashidze
This study examines the life and career of Ioane Abashidze, son of Zaal, who served as the Keshikchibashi (chief royal guard) of the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti. Drawing on archival records, periodicals, and historical narratives, the research reconstructs Ioane Abashidze’s contributions and activities. Likely born at around 1740, he was raised at the court of his brother-in-law King Erekle II. By 1770, he had assumed the role of Keshikchibashi, entrusted with the security of the king and the royal family. Correspondence between Ioane and King Erekle reveals his involvement in various administrative and military duties, including countering Lezgin raids, managing economic affairs, provisioning monasteries, resettling populations, supporting the royal household, and facilitating financial transactions for merchants and state officials. Additionally, Ioane actively participated in judicial proceedings. The significance of Ioane's service was recognized by both King Erekle II and his successor, Giorgi XII, who rewarded him with several state estates. Furthermore, he held the governorship (Mouravi) of Borchalo and distinguished himself in the Battle of Krtsanisi, where, as noted in Nikoloz Baratashvili’s “Bedi Kartlisa”, he fought with exceptional valor. Ioane Abashidze passed away in late 1799 and was buried in Amagleba monastery in Vejini, although his gravesite is now considered lost.
STATE POLICY OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF PENSIONERS OF DONBAS IN THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPED SOCIALISM
Оne of the most important forms of social protection in the Soviet Union was the pension provision of citizens. There were various types of pensions: in connection with old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner, etc. Expenditures on pensions, as well as on various types of assistance, were carried out at the expense of the state budget and funds from state, cooperative enterprises, collective farms, trade unions and other organizations. The article analyzes the directions of state planning in the field of pension provision of the population, changes in pension legislation, methods for encouraging pensioners to continue working in the sectors of the national economy after retirement. The average size of monthly pensions, the number of pensioners and the amounts of monthly pensions paid to them in Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the number of working pensioners by age in the indicated regions are also determined. In general, it can be concluded that pension provision in Donbas during 1965-1985, compared to previous years, has significantly improved. The amount of pension payments to both urban and rural pensioners was significantly increased, which had a positive effect on their material well-being and reduced the difference between the average pension and the average salary. The pension received by a former employee depended on several factors: length of service, position, salary level. A negative point was the establishment of a pension threshold, above which the employee was not paid benefits, even in the case of a very high salary.
THE PLACE OF SOUTH AZERBAIJAN IN THE GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS OF THE GREAT POWERS (DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR)
The article talks about the internal situation in Iran, especially in South Azerbaijan, on the eve of the Second World War, and the region's important place in the sphere of interest of the great powers. The factors determining the interests of the USSR, which is trying to make the north of Iran its own, as well as the interests of great powers such as England, the United States, and Germany, in this area have been explained. In order to gain political legitimacy, the state-building of the Pahlavis, who declared their monarchy as the successor of the old Persian Empire, was based on two main principles: creating a single central authority, ensuring national unity and unity. The ideology of national unity served to justify the rapid and comprehensive assimilation of non-Persians, primarily Azerbaijanis, living in Iran in terms of language and culture. In fact, Reza Shah's policy of Persianization did not ensure the melting of non-Persian peoples from a political point of view, on the contrary, it caused them to move away from the center and increase their national consciousness. In the research, although the Soviets' aggressive and aggressive policy against Iran was important for the establishment of the National Government, the existence of a very strong Azerbaijani National Movement within Iran is also proven on the basis of facts.
Domestic Competencies of the President of Georgia In the Context of the Constitutional Reforms of October 13, 2017
This paper discusses the constitutional reform implemented in the Constitution of Georgia on October 13, 2017, the list of domestic competencies of the President, which were reduced to a minimum, and the problematic issues arising in this direction, ways to solve them, and expected results. Special attention is paid to such important competencies characteristic of the institution of the President as participation in the process of forming the executive branch and his participation in the discussion of individual issues at government meetings, which were excluded from the powers of the President as a result of the aforementioned constitutional amendments. The discussion of the issues raised in the paper and the reasoned conclusions provide an answer to the question of whether, under parliamentary rule, the President, as the head of state, can participate in the government formation processes and participate in the discussion of individual issues raised by him at the meetings of the government.
DEFINITION OF A SUBJECT OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION
The article considers the problem of defining the subject of political activity in the context of political transformation, which is an important component of the theoretical problem of political science. An analysis of various approaches and concepts to defining the subject of political activity, the differences between them, and a conceptual approach to defining the subject of political activity based on taking into account the main factors and their interrelationships is proposed. The author argues that it is possible to approach the definition of the subject of political activity only after defining the concept of «politics» and what meaning we put into this concept. Through consideration and analysis of existing approaches to defining the subject of political activity, the authors of the article proposed their own approach, which takes into account the main factors and the interrelationships between them. The proposed approach makes it possible to understand the complexity and diversity of subjects of political activity, and also allows us to understand that the definition of the subject of political activity should be based on a comprehensive analysis and take into account a number of factors.
MEDIA SYSTEMS OF UKRAINE AND TURKEY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The article provides a comparative analysis of the media systems of Ukraine and Turkey. The political context, the interaction of mass media with the authorities in both countries is considered. The author's choice of countries is due to the lack of freedom of speech in Turkey and the risks for freedom of speech in Ukraine in wartime conditions. It was found that the media sphere is more tightly controlled in Turkey than in Ukraine. The article analyzes the Turkish media sphere, identifies the main stages of strengthening government control over mass media. Since 2016, after the coup attempt, opposition media have been banned. Since 2018, the powers of the President of Turkey have been expanded, which was also reflected in the work of the mass media. Since 2019, control over traditional and digital media has been strengthened, licensing has been introduced. In 2022, a law on the fight against terrorism and disinformation was adopted. It is used when considering the actions of individual journalists. Thus, Turkey is moving towards increased control over freedom of speech. The Ukrainian media sphere has been studied. Successful steps were noted (the adoption of the new law "On Media", the work of the public broadcasting media group). Problems that need to be solved were also noted (quality and quick investigation of crimes against journalists, reducing the influence of oligarchs). In the conditions of war, Ukraine continues to slowly move towards the protection of people's rights and freedoms, even in conditions of war. The needs of defense are understood by many mass media, and they adapt to new working conditions. The media systems of Ukraine and Turkey differ in the level of freedom of speech and freedom of the press, as they are in different social and political conditions. The Ukrainian media landscape is more diverse, in Turkey the media sphere is controlled by the authorities. Ukraine is taking a course to protect freedom of speech; the authoritarian regime is strengthening in Turkey.
Comparison of Literary and Folklore Fairy Tales (Alexander Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Goldfish” and the Folk Tale “The Golden Fish”)
This article deals with the comparison of literary and folklore fairy tales. It examines the influence of literary fairy tales on the creation of folklore fairy tales. The study aims to compare the texts of two specific fairy tales—one literary and one folkloric: Alexander Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Goldfish” and the Russian folk tale “The Golden Fish” from Afanasyev’s collection. The analytical study confirmed V.Maykov’s hypothesis that Pushkin’s tale influenced the creation of the folk tale. As Mark Azadovsky points out, "such examples are a common phenomenon in fairy-tale literature." While previous research has identified differences between literary and folklore fairy tales, it has primarily focused on general "parameters that distinguish literary from folklore fairy tales." In contrast, this study undertakes a detailed comparison of two specific tales with similar plots—one literary and one folkloric. The analyzed tales share a common storyline, setting (the sea), the social status of the characters, and a wish-granting figure—the golden fish. Both tales feature characters marked by greed and the foolish, insatiable desires of the old woman. The tales also share a similar melancholic ending: a torn dress and a broken kneading-trough. Pushkin’s tale is written in poetic form, while the folk tale is in prose. The folk tale “The Golden Fish” features an opening typical of folklore style, whereas Pushkin’s tale lacks the traditional fairy-tale introduction and begins simply and concisely. Both tales utilize archaic vocabulary. The sea motif plays a significant role in Pushkin’s tale, while in “The Golden Fish”, the word “sea” is mentioned only twice. In Pushkin’s tale, the vocative form "старче" (old man) is used, while in the folk tale, the nominative case "старик" (old man) is employed. Additionally, both tales feature variant forms of instrumental case endings for first-declension nouns (-ою / -ею). Inversion, a characteristic often found in Russian folk tales, is present in Pushkin’s tale but absent in “The Golden Fish”. In the folk tale, the short form of adjectives serves an attributive function, as in "в сине море..." (“in the blue sea...”), which is typical of Russian folk tales. In contrast, in Pushkin’s tale, this syntactic function is performed by the full form of adjectives, as in "в синее море..." (“into the blue sea…”). As observed, the analyzed tales exhibit significant similarities while also displaying numerous differences. We believe that our modest research can be utilized in high school for teaching the Russian language.
Contextual Features of Translating Polysemantic Words (through the example of Russian and Kazakh languages)
This article is devoted to the study of polysemantic words and the role of context in their translation using the example of Russian and Kazakh languages. A definition of context is given and important attention is paid to the role it plays in translating polysemantic words. The study shows that contextual meanings arise in the process of using words in speech, depending on the environment, and are realized under the influence of several types of context.
The Structure of Otia Ioseliani's Palm-sized Fairy Tales and the Linguocultural Dimensions of Aphoristic Teachings
Fairy tales create a completely separate area of study within Otia Ioseliani's diverse creative work, the structure and semantics of which reveal many interesting aspects. In the paper, we will examine the writer's unique style of palm-sized fairy tales in terms of structure, speech type, and linguocultural characteristics. From the very beginning, the titles of the fairy tales and the diversity of their characters capture attention, which, in turn, ensures thematic and plot variety (e.g., The Tortoise; The Crow and the Nightingale; The Righteous Pig; The Lion, the Deer, and the Frog; The Two Bears; The Kind and Gentle Kite; The Wolf’s Wolfishness; The Crocodile’s Lament; The Selfish Turkey…). The next noteworthy parameter is the approach to the beginning of the fairy tale text, which differs entirely from the traditional fairy tale openings that typically rely on ready-made formulas. These formulas usually serve as a way for the storyteller to inform the audience that they are about to recount an invented tale—one that both happened and did not happen at the same time. Instead of using such oppositional pairs, the writer, in most cases, begins the text directly with the development of the action. Sometimes, they simply introduce the story with the word “იყოს“ [ikos] (let there be) or an indefinite pronoun like ,,ერთი“ [erti] (one). In our view, this approach suggests that the writer is not merely beginning to recount an invented tale but rather narrating something that has been, is, and will likely continue to be. The opening phrase of the fairy tale almost always refers to a specific (animate or inanimate) noun and only rarely to an abstract concept. The most frequent pattern involves naming a place, time, or character at the very beginning. The fairy tale text is narrative in type, enriched with dialogues, where the sequence of actions and plot development take center stage. Events follow one another, often determining and influencing each other. The author-narrator remains unseen within the text; however, it is evident that everything is perceived through their perspective—they know what will happen and how the story will unfold. From a linguistic perspective, verbs play a crucial role in the text. They are predominantly in the third-person past tense and perfect aspect, marking successive actions and ensuring the progression of the narrative. Meanwhile, verb forms in other tenses and persons add expressive power to the text, allowing the reader or listener to envision themselves as a witness to the events. Otia Ioseliani’s palm-sized fairy tales are short and concise, yet remarkably impactful and rich in meaning. They are impressive in the sense that they are artistically vivid, portraying events and actions with striking clarity and liveliness. The text, with its variety of sentence structures and well-balanced word arrangement, is easy to read and listen to—sometimes even rhythmic. However, the most significant aspect is their functionality. These so-called palm-sized fairy tales reveal particularly intriguing linguo-cultural dimensions. In fact, we would argue that they are more akin to fables, filled with bird and animal characters. Their endings do not follow the conventional closing formulas of traditional fairy tales; instead, they conclude with aphoristic and wise statements. The moral lessons derived from them hold great linguo-cultural significance. Through the allegorical use of birds and animals—implicitly yet, in reality, quite explicitly—the writer masterfully transcends temporal and spatial boundaries. In doing so, they leave behind a timeless legacy for future generations, embedding within these tales the essential wisdom of Georgian national mentality. This wisdom, passed down from generation to generation, serves as a guide to life—whether as principles to embrace and admire or as behaviors to reject and condemn. In our view, fairy tales constructed with such a distinct structure and infused with fable-like wisdom provide an excellent opportunity for the writer to establish an individual stylistic signature and achieve their intended purpose.
Exploring Stylistic Choices in Jamel Brinkley’s Short Story “Witness”
Significance of the stylistic studies in fictional works - prose or poetry, is profound, as it offers linguists opportunities to study and explore the expressiveness of language and linguistic elements that reveal author’s intentions, uncovering how language is used to convey meaning and evoke emotions. By exploring stylistic choices, linguists can gain a deeper understanding of author’s intents. Therefore, stylistic analysis of fictional language is always engaging and interesting, as demonstrated in Jamel Brinkley’s short story “Witness”. The main goal of the article is to analyze Brinkley’s stylistic choices, determine the expressiveness and emotiveness within the story and ascertain how the author makes his writing style distinctive.
The Impact of Digital Transformation on Translation
The active development of modern information technologies and the Internet has completely changed the work mode of practicing translators, making it more convenient. Subject of research. This paper examines issues related to technological support for translation, the pros and cons of digitalization of translation, and the limits and possibilities of using digital technologies in translation. The purpose of the study. The purpose of this study is to analyze contemporary discussions on the problem of digitalization of society and its understanding both in philosophy and in special sciences, in particular, in translation studies. Research objectives. The study focuses on the changes occurring with a person, social space and culture, expressed in the restructuring of thinking, perception, communication, language, living space and socialization of the individual. These changes are considered as global challenges for culture. Conclusion. The information age is the age of translation. We urgently need to adopt new ideas and methods to discuss, think about, and study translation. Only then can we fully articulate the changes and trends in translation during the digital era, eliminate epistemological confusion and disagreement, and ultimately reconstruct the practice of translation and the research paradigm. Translation education should be segmented as soon as possible: universities can offer basic translation courses, intermediate-level courses, as well as courses in technical writing, terminology management, localization and project management, computer-assisted translation, etc.
Advertising Language in Social Media and Newspapers: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis
Advertisements are examples of written language carefully crafted by human beings to achieve specific communicative goals. The language of advertising serves as a powerful tool for influencing consumer behavior and creating a lasting impact on target audiences. Characterized by its compactness, persuasiveness, and unique stylistic features, advertising language is quite different from everyday conversational language. Effective advertisements employ a distinct and purposeful style, designed to align with the interests of both the advertiser and the consumer. This study examines the linguistic features of advertisements published in English across two contrasting mediums: social media platforms, specifically Facebook and Instagram, and traditional newspapers. It explores how the nature of each platform shapes the stylistic and persuasive strategies employed in advertising. A qualitative analysis of selected advertisements from these mediums highlights significant differences in tone, vocabulary, syntax, and rhetorical devices. The findings reveal that social media advertisements leverage interactivity, brevity, and the incorporation of digital trends to captivate their audiences. These ads frequently use conversational language, emojis, hashtags, and visually engaging content to foster a sense of immediacy and connection with the audience. Their language is designed to be informal, attention-grabbing, and optimized for quick scrolling behavior, reflecting the fast-paced nature of social media consumption. In contrast, newspaper advertisements emphasize formality, credibility, and the delivery of comprehensive information. They are structured with well-defined headings, detailed descriptions, and often rely on classic rhetorical strategies such as ethos and logos to appeal to their audience's rationality and trust. The choice of vocabulary in newspaper ads tends to be more sophisticated and precise, targeting readers who engage with the medium for in-depth information and reliability. This comparative analysis provides insights into the evolving dynamics of advertising language in the digital age. Social media platforms and traditional newspapers represent two distinct arenas for advertising, shaped by their audience demographics, medium-specific constraints, and cultural contexts. Social media ads prioritize engagement and trendiness to appeal to a younger, digitally native audience, while newspaper ads maintain a formal tone and authoritative voice, resonating with readers seeking reliable and detailed content. By investigating the linguistic adaptations employed in these platforms, this paper sheds light on the ways advertisers navigate the unique communicative goals and challenges presented by different mediums. The study contributes to a broader understanding of how advertising language evolves to meet the demands of diverse audiences and technological advancements, reflecting the changing landscape of consumer interaction with media.
The article discusses the peculiarities of Matani patois of Akhmetian speech of the Kakhetian dialect. The Kakhetian dialect is divided into three subdialects: Shignikakhuri, Garekakhuri, and Kizikuri. This time, we will focus on the village Matani patois of the Akhmetian speech of Shignikakhuri subdialect. The village of Matani is characterized by a peculiar, lively speech. Regressive assimilation at the prefix and suffix border is characteristic of the Matani patois: meetsona (liked) shaashina (frightened), geego (heard), imeebs (those). Alongside them, the transformation of the sound "o" into "a" in the verb form is observed: shemaitane/shamaitane (bring in), maetsona (liked), gamaitane (take out), maitane (bring), mametsi (give me)... the transformation of the sound "e" into "a" and the transformation of the sound "a" into "e" is noticed: shaukete (put in), deechirna (has catched), gemeesho/gamaesho (has released)... In Matani patois the "-av" and "-am" topic-marking verbs in the third series are used without topic marker with the ending "-ia", along with it the consonant "-n" is frequently added after the root: damibia (have tided), damibertkia/damibertknia (have shaken off), damikhatia/damikhatnia (have pained), gamikhedia/gamikhednia (have looked out). In Matani patois, the loss of the sound "v" in the verb forms is common: chamoide (arrive/come down), amoide (come up), moida (has come), amoida (has come up), moal (will come) , shamoide (will come in)... The Matani patois referring the subjects and objects follows the norms of the old Georgian literary language. The second subjective person of the verb is expressed with an affix. It seems that the use of person-marking forms is saved in the Matani patois: dahkrep (you will pick), shescham/shascham (you will eat), dahkri (you will through/drop), gahkidian (they will sell), asdgebi (you will stand up)... Next to the preserved subjective second person form, it is common to lose the subjective third person mark in the following forms of verbs: mkav (I have), gkav (you have) ... The vowel ჲ (iota) is characteristic of Matani patois. It is mainly found in the root of the word “floჲti” (floʻti mome, chavitso - give me the slippper to wear), ჲ is also confirmed with the emphatic "a" of the preceding word and the consonant of the verb root “rāsa ჲpikrob”/“rāsa hpikrob” (what are you thinking of). In the latter form, the letter "h" sounds weakly. The peculiarity of noun case stands out. In particular, dative and genitive cases. With continuous speech the dative case loses the case mark: “im kal utkhari” (tell that woman), “am dzagl ak ra unda” (what does this dog doing here), “tsadi tskhvar mikhede” (go, take care of the sheep), “balg sachmeli achame” (feed the child)... In genitive case the consonant part of the case mark is lost: “sofli boloshi tskhovrobs martia”(Martia lives at the end of the village), “gobi dziras ar daaba bochola” (don't tide the calf by the fence), “sakhli kutkheshi amaჲ ra unda” (what is it doing at the corner of the house), “sakhli kedelze maakude tokhi” (lean the hoe to the wall of the house)... With continuous speech in Matani patois, the voiced consonant at the absolute end of the word becomes voiceless, we take the ending "-at" as a mark of adverbial case and have the following forms: katsat (katsad) - manly, tsudat (tsudad) - badly, mshvenivrat (mshvenivrad) - wonderfully, kokhtat (kokhtad) - finely, lamazat (lamazad) -beautifully, kargat (kargad) – well; next to this last form, the “karki” obtained in the same way is confirmed. Syntactic constructions also stand out, sometimes consonant parts are removed from conjunctions: 'puli ar mkonda, mara (magram) maints vikideჲ' I didn't have any money, but I bought it anyway"; "dgeჲ chvensa unda chamosuliko, mara (magram) mamatkua"; "He was supposed to come to our place today, but he lied to me"; "tu avige kakachuna (poker), mogakoleb kokoshashi (head)"; "If I took a pocker, I would heat you in you head"; "akamde unda geegvidzna da ar gaugvidznia". "He should have woken up by now, but he hasn't yet." In the hypotaxis construction, the intonational possibilities of the conjunction "rom" (that) are clearly evident. The conjunction sometimes has the consonant "m" removed, and sometimes the particle "a" is added: "dedakatso, badia (small bowl) mamatsode, ro (rom) salati chavchra"; "Woman, give me a bowl (a small bowl) so I could cut the salad in"; "me utkhari, roma mividodi"; "I told him I would come"; "veraperi gavakete imitoma roma, damigamda"; "I could do nothing because it got dark"; "omdeni puli ak roma, kvelafer ikidis." "He's got so much money that, he can buy anything." The Matani patois is particularly rich in terms of vocabulary. The lexical units such as: “ap”, “bobola” (important person), “badia” (bowl), “adaode” (abdaubda) (nonsense), “kintra”/“gamokintra” (stuffed with food), “varkali” (candlestick), “kakachuna”, “kurumsagi” (monkey), “polorchika” (show off, cutesy) and etc. are attested. There are many names and surnames common in the village of Matani. Some fortresses and churches are known by the surnames or names of the local population. In the names formation the suffix "-an" is used, which is added to the root to express collectivity, and "-t" added to it, indicates belonging. The following names were obtained this way: Erelaant Eklesia (Erelas’ church), Merabaant Sakdari (Merabaanis’church), Baturaant Eklesia (Baturaanis’church), etc. The same rule is used for personal names when the village population refers to a fellow villager familiarly: Shatiriaant Datua (Datua of Shatiraani), Chichiaant Gia (Gia of Chichiaani), Sarkisaant Besika (Besika of Sarkisaani), Baturiaant Nanula (Nanula of Baturaani), Kitesaant Zuria (Kitesaani's Zuria), etc. The speech of the inhabitants of the village of Matani shows a tendency for the common linguistic vocabulary to derive from the archaic layer. It is also worth noting the fact that Pshav-Khevsurians also live in the village of Matani along with the Kakhetians. It is not excluded that some lexical units may have come from these dialects, which is confirmed by the common lexical units related to sheep farming - cattle breeding: “mtskemsi” (shepherd), “tokhli” (lamb), “ushobeli” (heifer), “chedila” (castrated ram), “teo” (the guard post of a shepherd and a dog near the night shelter of a flock of sheep), “tiva” (hay), “chuma” (cream), “dvrita” (rennet) and etc. Thus, the Matani patois of the Kakhetian dialect is a wealth of the Georgian language. Patois, like language, changes over time and space, that is influenced by various conditions. The majority of forms characteristic of Matani patois are not used in the Georgian literary language, though they are not alien to Georgian, which indicates a close relationship between the dialect and the literary Georgian language. The form of the dialect is determined by the internal possibilities of the language. Matani patois is an integral part of the Kakhetian dialect of the Georgian language. A systematic analysis of the unique patterns of patois, vocabulary, and grammatical forms is important for the study of the Kakhetian dialect.
Navigating the Linguistic and Cultural Depths of Literary Translation
Translation is a complex phenomenon that requires specialized skills to accurately render a text from the source language into the target language. There exist literary and technical/scientific translations which differ from each other significantly in terms of purpose, style, language use and approach. The main goal of the technical/scientific translation is to convey precise ad accurate information about specialized topics regarding medicine, technology, engineering, etc. Consequently, during the technical/scientific translation, the main focus is on functionality rather than style or creativity. While during the literary translation the principal purpose is to convey the artistic, cultural and emotional nuances of the original text to the reader. That is why especially literary translation is both an art and a science, requiring not only linguistic proficiency but also a deep understanding of cultural nuances and literary traditions. The translation of literary texts is particularly complex, as it involves the intricate task of conveying not just the words, but also the emotional depth, cultural context, and stylistic elements that shape the original work. This article examines the translation process of Playing with Fire by Otia Ioseliani, with a particular emphasis on the strategies and techniques used to render this Georgian literary work into English. Through an analysis of the translation choices made, we explore how these decisions have influenced the reception of the text in its new linguistic and cultural context. In addressing the specific challenges and solutions encountered throughout the translation process, this study aims to shed light on the complexities involved in translating linguistic units—such as phrases, words, and entire sentences—while accounting for cultural and ethnic nuances. Additionally, this article highlights the broader implications for translation studies, contributing to a deeper understanding of the dynamic relationship between language, culture, and literature, with a focus on how our decisions shape the final product.
Some Issues of Using Euphemisms in Business English Discourse
Language plays a crucial role in business communication. It serves as the foundation for effective collaboration and relationship-building. In today's globalized world, and therefore, the economy, the strategic use of English language promotes international cooperation in the field of business and strengthens intercultural relations. Business English is characterized by the use of formal, professional terminology, yet sometimes speaking directly can sound rude or harsh. That is why the process of speech euphemization i.e. the use of embellished words, takes place. The purpose of the given paper is to study the euphemistic words and expressions that are common in the business English language. In this study attempted to determine which euphemisms are commonly used in the field of business and what their functions are. It should be emphasized that clear and precise communication is of crucial importance in business relations. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain a balanced use of euphemisms in order to avoid ambiguity or misinterpretation that can hinder effective communication. In conclusion, we believe that the study of euphemisms and the determination of their linguistic functions in the business context is necessary and relevant for both linguists and business professionals. This study mainly employs the method of linguistic observation and description. The linguistic data for the research were obtained from English language articles and interviews.
Toponyms in the novel "sorrow of humanity" by goderdzi chokheli
Since when have toponyms been a simple bind of letters? They reflect the old country's past life. that's why, its research is considered as the study of history. The first scientific research on toponyms was by a renowned scholar, historian and geographer vaxushti batonishvili, though accounts about them are saved in historical sources of V-XI and XII-XVIII centuries. The information about local toponyms is secured in "life of qartli" (qartlis cchovreba). The research of toponyms turned out to be especially interesting in the novel "sorrow of humanity" by goderdzi chokheli. Here their total number exceeds thirty. Their analysis is possible by a few aspects: specifically, morphology, semantic-etylological and historical-dialectological. We categorized them into groups based on their structure-production characteristics and obtained the results outlined below: Toponyms are partially derived from root vowel-based common nouns in any inflation, through nominal inflection. They are either vowel-based or consonant-based: vowel-based: Dikhcho, Daomatsho, Lida, Makarta, Khoza. consonant-based: gudamakhari Chokhi, Kitokhi, Atnokhi, Gamsi Toponyms, that are formed by word-generating affixes. For geographical words in roman there are used modifiers, such as: -ur, -ul, -ian, sa-e, sa-o. SA-E, SA-O confixes express purpose. They are used with the same intention for: Saqore, Sakorne, Salagho- these used to indicate places where mass groups of birds lived, such as hawks and ravens. Then again, salago, should be indicating a place that is related to delight. -Ur - toponyms derived by origin of the name: Cicqnauri, chobolauri. We come across geographical names, which, other than -ur modifier, attaches N. We see this essentially with nouns (last names) and highlights that it's plural. - ian - Toponyms that produce the adjective of property, which are assembled from names and surnames. Toponyms are derived through the process of word association: gudamayari, winamxari. In named composites, the components are either both nouns or a combination of an adjective and a noun. Toponyms are expressed in the form of a limiter: swamp of straw, mountain of Nariani, mountain of Ozana, mountain of monks, mountain of Elia, mother of the place.&nbsp; There is a used Form of substantive determiners, which....... A layer of geographical names is distinguished, that were formed during the archaic period, that's why it's impossible to distinguish some of their Etymology. To clarify the above we analyzed a few toponyms existing in the work of goderdzi chokheli: gudamakhari, daumacxo and boseli. Examination of toponyms existing in goderdzi chokheli's novel granted us the opportunity to highlight the characteristics, that exhibit each of their disparities between morphology, dialectical or Etymological-historical.
Steps Toward the Sky: On Nina Nekeri's Poetry
Nino Nekerishvili, known by her pseudonym Nina Nekeri, published her first poetry collection in 2011 under the publishing house "Kalmosani," with me as the editor. Since I had always greatly admired her poems, I was pleased to take on the role of editing the book. Nina is also recognized for her translations, which include John Boyne's The Boy in the Striped Pajamas and Cassandra Clare's The Clockwork Princess and The City of Heavenly Fire. In this paper, I aim to explore Nina Nekeri's poetry from both content and form perspectives. From the outset, it is clear that her verses are characterized by a high degree of freedom; she is an experimentalist, constantly engaged in literary exploration. At times, it feels as though she is entirely devoted to capturing the essence of perpetual novelty and presenting it to her readers. The manner of this presentation is often unexpected, imposing and unapologetic. It is worth noting that sometimes an author may not resemble their work and, instead, can appear as its complete opposite. In Nina Nekeri’s case, however, the resemblance between poet and poetry is so striking that one could say: Nina's poetry is the literary embodiment of her personality and Nina herself is the exact reflection of her poetry. Her verses are as bold, profound and captivating as the poet herself. The lyrical persona in her poems engages in self-reflection, contemplating the polar concepts of faith and doubt, sin and innocence. The symbolic allusion to the forbidden tree of paradise signifies humanity’s innate curiosity about all that is taboo. The lyrical hero speaks of a semi-defined state, characteristic of an immature person, which results in profound inner conflict and anguish. The poet does not shy away from expressing the most doubtful, hidden and unacknowledged human emotions. She is so authentic and bold that she allows no alternative interpretations or fantasies outside her verses. Every message she conveys is clear, unembellished and impactful. In her poem The Crew Member, the poet references the famous character Captain Jack Sparrow from Walt Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean, expressing solidarity with him and joining his crew. Nina Nekeri’s work Laconically serves as an excellent example of accentual verse. Although Georgian poetry is traditionally syllabic or syllabic-tonic in nature, and accentual verse is not organically suited to the Georgian language due to its lack of stress, Nina masterfully handles this challenge. The syllabic structure of her lines is broken, yet rhythm is maintained entirely through a sense of stress and accentuation. This poem is also a clear example of enjambment, with sentences flowing seamlessly across lines, creating an exclusive structure. Nina Nekeri's poetry combines a fighting spirit, courage, and daring that borders on literary audacity, blended with deeply feminine passions and emotions. She stands out as one of the most intriguing and talented representatives of contemporary Georgian poetry.
The works of V.M. Shukshin are full of deep insight into human nature, internal conflicts, joys and suffering. The writer draws his characters through a description of their everyday life. He describes their everyday worries and troubles, joys and difficulties, relationships and love... Relationships of different types - family, friendship, love, business - influence the fate of the characters, which the writer emphasizes. Shukshin's work is a deep and multifaceted study of human nature, which immerses the reader in the unique aspects of the life and fate of ordinary people. In Shukshin’s art, the life of the writer-artist himself and the product of his imagination are intricately intertwined, which is sometimes not clear whether the author calls for humanity or his heroes.
For Understanding Davit Turdospireli's Fiction-Documentary Story "Episodes from the Lives of Young People"
Fictional-documentary prose has acquired special relevance today, immediacy has become a priority. Accordingly, great attention is paid to the popularization of works of the documentary genre and archival-documentary material unknown to the general reading public or the scientific community. Of particular interest are documentary-type works created by those writers or public figures whose creative work coincided with difficult historical-political events. Given the above, we think that our interest in the documentary work of Davit Turdospireli is understandable. Davit Turdospireli's “Episodes from the Life of Young People” is an interesting novelty of autobiographical writing. It is a collection of small prose works that are absolutely independent of each other. The work hints at the structure of the story from the very title. It combines 38 works, each of which is titled. They introduce us to the writer's life chronologically, while at the same time creating a clear idea of ​​the writer's contemporary socio-political or cultural life. As is known, the reflection of the fate of the family often serves as a criticism of society, era, culture, and the human race in general. In this regard, David Turdospireli's autobiographical story is no exception. While reading the work, we are reminded of Juvenal's famous sentence, which researcher Shorena Shamanadze considered a possible epigraph to the family novel as a genre: “If you want to understand the peculiarities of the human race, observe at least one house” (Shamanadze, Sh., 2023:339). David Turdospireli's “Episodes from the Lives of Young People” is a very interesting example of an autobiographical story. It interestingly shows a number of features of the writer's contemporary historical, political, and cultural life against the backdrop of the Chkheidze family. Similar to works of the documentary genre, in this case, too, an exact chronology is preserved, chapters are titled, real events included in the story are connected with global events of the era, and the family history coincides with the history of the country. All this allows the reader to directly get acquainted with both the writer's worldview and beliefs, as well as the writer's contemporary historical era.