All submitted manuscripts in the refereed journal undergo double-blind peer-review process before publication. The present proceedings is compiled according to SCOPUS classification system of scientific journals. The views of authors may not coincide with the positions of the Editorial Board. Author is responsible for the quality and content of the article. The journal is Multidisciplinary. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/tuw.2021.07.28 E-ISSN: 2667-9949 ISSN: 1512-0600
Woman's Fate or Woman's Burden in the Artistic Thought of Mikheil Javakhishvili
Female characters occupy a prominent place in the works of Mikheil Javakhishvili. Accordingly, this issue has been given due attention in Georgian scholarly circles. The question of what role Mikheil Javakhishvili's female characters are assigned in society has become a subject of keen interest. How they are created piques the interest of every generation. For Mikheil Javakhishvili, those female characters who have secured a significant place in the Georgian consciousness are of great importance. The writer attempts to portray each female character in such a way that she becomes a role model, with her actions serving as an example for future generations. He aims to show the reader where mistakes were made on the path of weakness. The author condemns a woman's frivolity, greed, flightiness, and unworthiness. Mikheil Javakhishvili despises hollow characters, such as Margarita Kaplaniashvili and Ketevan Akhatneli; the reader finds it logical that these main characters become further corrupted and sink into a quagmire. By creating such artistic figures, Mikheil Javakhishvili showed us that a person, regardless of the class to which they belong or the historical period in which they live, should not be stripped of their human conscience and honor. This is all the more true for a woman, who should not be swayed toward what she expects to benefit from, as this is an unguaranteed and temporary pleasure. The writer's publicistic thought, where we read the following, also speaks to this point: "Finding one's way and achieving victory is possible only through labor and honesty. Laziness is mischief; lies and falsehood will sooner or later inevitably ruin a person"; "To humiliate oneself is worse than arrogance"; "It is amazing how quickly the fallen nobles, the disgraced generals, and the debased men find one another!". By creating original and unique female characters, Mikheil Javakhishvili exposed the reality of the era. The fate of his female characters turned out to be the heavy yoke of the epoch itself; the degradation of a woman's personality is a phenomenon just as dangerous for the nation as "Jaqoism" (the brutish opportunism of the character Jaqo), "Kvachism" (the roguish adventurism of Kvachi), or "Kvarkvareism" (the demagoguery of Kvarkvare). As for their burden, when a person becomes a slave to their instincts and their actions are guided by egoism, the burden they may have shouldered to achieve a set goal becomes far greater and harder to bear, and it is possible they may even be crushed beneath it. People wavering "between two masters" are conflicted and have lost their way, and this issue became one of the most painful problems in Mikheil Javakhishvili's work.
The Philosophical Perception of Death in the Life and Work of Guram Rcheulishvili
Guram Rcheulishvili’s tragic biography—his life ending prematurely at a young age—constitutes a formative factor in the spiritual dimension of his creative motifs and moral-psychological sensibility. This biographical circumstance establishes a paradigm in which death, within his artistic consciousness, is conceptualized as a process of spiritual purification. From this perspective, Rcheulishvili’s protagonists are frequently situated at a liminal point—between existence and non-existence, between chaos and a clearly defined telos. At this threshold, their lived experience is transfigured into a purification of spiritual perception. The comprehension of life activates within the human being what is most authentic and most intimate—conscience, love, and gratitude. Death brings to the surface within human consciousness those values that are ordinarily neither recognized nor properly appreciated in everyday existence. A multifaceted and multidimensional conception of death emerges in Guram Rcheulishvili’s short stories—„სიკვდილი მთებში“ [sikvdili mtebshi] (Death in the Mountains), “ნელი ტანგო” [neli tango] (slow Tango) “თრთვილა“ [Thvirtvila] and “ალავერდობა” [Alaverdoba] —in which death coexists both as a physical reality and as a spiritual and symbolic vision. In Guram Rcheulishvili’s literary works, the theme of death manifests itself through several interrelated aspects. It may be associated with the striving for freedom, the defense of dignity, the pursuit of new forms of knowledge, protest against Soviet reality, or an escape from imposed constraints. Regardless of the motivating impulse from which it arises, the theme of death is not solely tragic but is also aestheticized and imbued with symbolic meaning. The writer constructs poetic images of death that serve to illuminate the spiritual trajectory of his characters. Through his way of life, the tragic premature end of his life, and the ideological depth of his literary work, Guram Rcheulishvili demonstrates that death can be understood not merely as an end, but as a pathway—toward a renewed comprehension of life, spiritual purification, and the recognition of truth.
Rafiel Eristavi _ Vazha-Pshavela's creative guide
The Georgian writers of the 1960s considered Rafiel Eristavi their predecessor. Rafiel Eristavi's genre- and thematically diverse literary heritage, with its national-social and humanistic problems, is one of the things that played a major role in shaping the literary taste of the Georgian writers of the 1960s. Vazha-Pshavela was among those who recognized Rafiel Eristavi's benevolent literary influence. The creative similarity between Rafiel Eristavi and Vazha-Pshavela was not limited to the height of a mountain. One of the defining features of their literary kinship is the criticism of public morality saturated with negative dogmas, which mercilessly undermines all exalted things. In this regard, Rafiel Eristavi's story "Bechavi", published in 1855 in the Russian almanac "Zurna", is of interest. From the very title, the work sets the reader up to listen to a sentimental story, and the beginning of the story asks for gratitude and adoration for the beauty and love bestowed by God. The work is distinguished by its unusual composition. The very simple and direct narrative begins with a conversation between a writer traveling in Pshavi and his companions. Then the plot unfolds against the backdrop of a dialogue between the writer and a resident of the village of Khoshori, Gultamzi. Gultamzi's story, the true story of the love of Lashkaras and Mertskhala that took place in Pshavi, becomes the basis of the story. The story interestingly depicts the life of the Pshavi people, their customs and traditions, with one specific story. The tragic love story of Lashkara and Mertskhala is a critique of the blood-sucking tradition that reigned in the mountains. Rafiel Eristavi's vision of renewing the faith and morality characteristic of the Pshavela community was generalized in many ways in his creative thinking by Vazha-Pshavela, who "recognized the morally valuable content of life as valuable, as the meaning of human existence" (Arabuli, G., 1999:36), who set spiritual and moral ideals as the credo of the life of the "Kai Kma" and made sacrifices a necessity for him.
This article examines Iakob Gogebashvili’s essay Powerless Evil (Iveria, 1897, Nos. 161–162), written in response to Giorgi Tsereteli’s unfavorable critique of his children’s stories The Guardian of the Harvest and King Erekle and the Ingilo Woman. Gogebashvili denounces both Kvali’s editorial stance and Tsereteli’s evaluation, arguing that the criticism was shaped by personal bias rather than by literary or historical criteria. In defending King Erekle and the Ingilo Woman, Gogebashvili asserts its historical plausibility, citing oral traditions and Aleksandre Orbeliani’s accounts. He highlights the longstanding tradition of Georgian women’s courage, documented in chronicles and preserved in collective memory, pointing to figures such as Princess Tekla as emblematic of national self-consciousness. The essay also underscores the patriotism and civic virtue of the Georgian peasantry, qualities disregarded by Kvali’s critic. Gogebashvili interprets this omission as evidence of the journal’s social shortcomings and condemns its dismissive attitude toward the peasant class. While polemical in tone, the text nonetheless acknowledges Tsereteli’s literary talent and his influence on public opinion. By situating this exchange within the broader context of nineteenth-century Georgian letters, the essay illustrates the dynamics of literary polemics and the contested space of national and social representation in Georgian literary criticism.
Building Prompt Literacy: Empowering EFL Teachers with A Model-Based Approach to Prompt Writing
This paper shares the lived experiences of English teachers participating in a part of a teacher training initiative financed by the Regional English Language Office (RELO) of the U.S. Department of State in Turkiye. Within the scope of the program, forty volunteer EFL teachers from various educational levels participated in an extensive training program focused on the integration of artificial intelligence into language instruction. Among other parts of the program, this study is concerned with “Model-Supported Prompt Writing Training," part in which participants were introduced with PARTS and TATOO prompt writing models which help teachers write prompts that are tailored to their language teaching settings. During the course, teachers did hands-on activities where they made AI prompts that fit with their teaching goals to make educational materials. Immediately after the training, the participants received an online survey with open ended questions regarding their prompt writing experience to reveal participants’ experiences and perceptions on prompt writing with a model. The data obtained from the survey was subjected to thematic content analysis. Emergent themes were found to be aware of prompt specificity, confidence in integrating AI into education, and the transformative impact of structured prompt models. The results indicate a significant shift in teachers' views on artificial intelligence prompts, underscoring the necessity for targeted training in prompt literacy. Therefore, this study’s implications have potential to contribute literature on the integration of AI tool into teacher education.
Implementing the STEM Approach in Formal Education and the STEM-UPD Project
The article examines the necessity of implementing the STEM approach and the practical challenges of introducing it in formal education, based on a comparative analysis of international experience and the realities of Georgia. International practice shows that integrated STEM instruction strengthens students’ critical thinking, research, and engineering skills; supports learning grounded in real-world contexts; and ensures the preparation of qualified personnel for the labor market. In Georgia, STEM activities are mainly carried out in non-formal education, which results in the participation of only a small portion of students. In response to these challenges, the STEM-UPD project was implemented through a partnership between Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University and Akaki Tsereteli State University. The aim of the project is to embed the STEM approach into the curriculum, provide professional development for teachers, establish a network of STEM laboratories, and introduce practical STEM learning in formal education. Within the framework of the project, new university-level STEM courses were developed, approximately 160 in-service and pre-service teachers were trained through a 30-hour module, and 22 pilot schools were equipped with STEAM kits and laboratories. The planned and implemented STEM scenarios, methodological frameworks, and the practice of “STEM Days” significantly facilitated the integration of interdisciplinary, project-based learning into the instructional process. The STEAM kits (“Ecoengineering,” “Animascope,” “Nototron,” “Neuroengineering,” and “Weather Station”) support the practical application of theoretical knowledge, the development of multidisciplinary skills, and a strong alignment with the objectives of the national curriculum. The article shows that the successful implementation of the STEM approach requires continuous professional support for teachers, a stronger role for universities, and systemic changes at the school level. The STEM-UPD project represents an important step toward institutionalizing STEM education in Georgia.
Methods of Teaching Fine Arts in Preschool Age
In preschool pedagogy, various teaching methods are used that correspond to the general goals and objectives of teaching. When using them, the age and individual characteristics of children should be taken into account. Traditional teaching methods include: visual, oral, practical. New methods include informational - receptive, reproductive, research, heuristic. The oral or reproductive method is aimed at perceiving and memorizing new, ready-made information. It includes: conversation, story, art historian's story, teacher's example. The heuristic, or partially search method, is a prerequisite for the research method. The above methods are oriented towards cognitive processes, including the identification of the possibilities of fine activity. The following methods are used in connection with visual activity: visual, oral and game methods. It is impossible to create a work of art without observation and emotion. The observation process is followed by understanding and then the child's activity. When conducting observations, the age of the children should be taken into account. Children of younger school age easily draw a topic if it is interesting to them and they have experience of seeing it. The topics to be drawn with the little ones should be simple, and the observation process is relatively short. In five-year-old children, observation becomes longer. They are ready for elementary comparisons and generalizations, for answering questions. Children of the older group are prepared to perceive this or that event more consciously and actively. To observe and notice all the changes that the object undergoes in relation to shadow and lighting. The research method was developed in the context of the problem of research on the sensory education of preschool children. The goal of the research method is to help children learn about the outside world through rational and sensitive perception. Teaching fine and applied arts places great responsibility on the kindergarten teacher. He or she must be well versed in teaching methods for different age groups, which are closely related to the goals and objectives of the education.
The Role of Continuous Professional Development of Academic Staff in Improving Teaching Quality: The Case of Telavi State University
The purpose of the present study is to assess the impact of professional development of academic and invited staff on teaching quality in the context of higher education. The research was conducted based on the case of Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University and is grounded in a quantitative research approach. Primary data were collected using a pre-designed, structured questionnaire administered through the university’s electronic platform (ea.tesau.edu.ge). The sample consisted of 81 respondents, including both academic and invited staff members. At the time of the study, the university employed 145 staff members; therefore, the sampling procedure covered a significant proportion of the total population, which ensured the reliability of the obtained results and allowed for their generalization at the institutional level. Data analysis was carried out using the frequency analysis method. The findings of the study indicate that the majority of academic and invited staff are actively involved in various professional development activities and perceive professional development as a significant factor in improving teaching quality. In particular, the positive impact of professional development on teaching practices and increased student engagement was highly emphasized. At the same time, the study identified several challenges in the professional development process, with lack of time, decreased motivation, and limited resources being the most frequently reported barriers. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that professional development represents an effective mechanism for enhancing teaching quality; however, to fully realize its potential, further strengthening of institutional support is required.
THE MAIN SOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
This study examines the principal social factors contributing to the emergence and development of deviant behavior within society. It highlights how family environment, peer influence, educational context, media exposure, and socio-economic conditions shape the behavioral patterns of individuals, particularly adolescents. The analysis emphasizes that weak parental control, dysfunctional family structures, and lack of emotional support significantly increase the likelihood of deviance. Likewise, peer pressure and association with delinquent groups serve as strong predictors of risky and antisocial behaviors. The study also explores how school climate, teacher-student relationships, and institutional discipline affect students’ social adaptation. Additionally, the impact of mass media, digital networks, and community conditions—such as unemployment, inequality, and social disorganization—is analyzed. The research underscores that preventing deviant behavior requires a comprehensive social approach integrating family support, educational reforms, community engagement, and youth-centered policies.
THE ROLE OF NATIONAL EDUCATION IN UZBEK ETHNOPEDAGOGY
It is vital for personal identity, moral values, and social cohesion. The introduction provides background about the context of Uzbek national education, noting the historical and cultural background of national education at home and its importance to Uzbek social and family values/community traditions. To discover how national values and spiritual heritage are intertwined in education practices to encourage patriotism, ancestor respect, and youth national pride. The research is methodologically based on a comparative study method, ethnographic observations, and qualitative interviews to explore how national values are transmitted through families, educational institutions, and community life rituals. According to the findings, education as a national phenomenon in Uzbekistan is intimately associated with moral evolution as well as the conservation of cultural knowledge and achievement in practical and spiritual fields. This is done as follows: it combines traditional and modern teaching strategies. In the end, the implementation of national values in education curricula develops ethical dispositions among students, fosters national identity, and improves students’ resistance to social forces. Such conclusions should be instructive for educators, policymakers, and curriculum designers seeking to maintain national identity and cultural continuity in the face of globalization. National education, enshrined in Uzbek ethnopedagogy, forms the basis through which a normative ethical, ethically conscious and socially responsible generation is made and nurtured and pushes for the extension of innovative, culturally sensitive pedagogies.
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Formation of Professional Competencies in Adults
In the context of global socio-economic transformations, the rise in stress factors and emotional strain amidst continual changes in the professional sphere make the quest for resources to enhance an individual’s professional well-being particularly pertinent. This article explores the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in the formation and development of professional competencies in adults. Emotional intelligence, defined as the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one’s own emotions as well as those of others, has become a crucial factor influencing workplace effectiveness and long-term professional growth. The study highlights how EI contributes to improved communication, conflict resolution, leadership, teamwork, and adaptability—competencies essential in modern professional environments. Furthermore, the article examines how EI supports continuous learning, decision-making under pressure, and the cultivation of a positive work climate. The findings suggest that integrating emotional intelligence training into adult education and professional development programs significantly enhances individuals’ overall competence and performance. The article concludes that fostering EI should be considered a strategic priority for organizations aiming to build resilient, collaborative, and high-performing professionals. The purpose of the presented study is to establish the role of emotional intelligence and its components in an individual’s professional competences. The study involved 243 individuals aged 18 to 67 years. To assess the parameters of emotional intelligence and professional well-being, the following methods were used: the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and the Method of Assessing Professional Well-being, respectively. As a result of correlation and regression analysis, the study revealed the impact of the general Emotional Intelligence indicator on an individual’s professional well-being. Specifically, EI significantly contributes to an individual’s focus on self-improvement as a professional and satisfaction with current achievements.
From Scientific Research Abstract to Visual Narrative Contemporary Approaches and Technologies
In contemporary scientific communication, the visual narrative is increasingly recognized as a highly effective strategy for disseminating research findings. The rapid advancement of graphic design and visualization technologies has provided researchers with the means to transform abstract concepts into clear, structured, and memorable representations. This study examines current approaches to the visualization of scientific information through three widely used applications: Canva.com, an intuitive platform that enables the rapid development of aesthetically appealing designs; Adobe Illustrator, a professional tool designed for producing high-quality graphics and infographics; Microsoft PowerPoint, a versatile and accessible software widely employed for the creation of scientific posters and visual presentations. The paper analyzes the distinctive features, advantages, and practical applications of each tool within the framework of scientific communication. Particular attention is given not only to their technical affordances but also to the pedagogical aspects of design—specifically, how coherent visual structures can be constructed to reinforce scientific content and promote audience engagement.
On the History of the Conversion of Some Enterprises Evacuated to Georgia to the Production of Military Products During the Great Patriotic War (1939-1945)
Under the harsh conditions of World War II, the task of converting evacuated enterprises and population to Georgia to military production was a complex undertaking for both the political leadership and the Soviet economy. However, Georgia coped with this task and became a powerful military production arsenal. This study considers contribution of Georgia to supplying the Soviet Armed Forces with military equipment and the defeat of Nazi Germany, using the example of the converting of some enterprises evacuated to Georgia to military production. From the first days of the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, the transition of the national economy into a wartime system was subordinated to the country's primary interests—victory over the enemy. The primary objective of the State Defense Committee was the massive evacuation of industrial enterprises from the occupied territories. For evacuated industrial enterprises, it was necessary to select areas in the rear where the appropriate material- technical resources and raw materials were available. Georgia turned into such a region during the war. The transition of the national economy (along with evacuated enterprises) to a wartime footing primarily covered the development of those industries that would meet the front's needs for weapons, ammunition, and all other necessary goods. Georgia coped with the tasks set by the government in a worthy manner.
On the Significance of Determining the Origin of One of the Characters in ,,King Erekle and the Ingilo Woman”
The authors of the monograph ,,The Tragedy of the Georgians Known as Ingilos” write: “According to Baku-based historians, the terms ‘Azerbaijan’ and ‘Azerbaijani’ are just as ancient as the term ‘Ingilo’; however, these Ingilos, they claim, are not of Georgian origin. Rather, historically, they are simply Ingilos—members of some ancient Turkic, Persian, or Mongolian nomadic tribe, and according to the latest ‘discoveries,’ even an Albanian tribe to whom Georgian kings allegedly taught the Georgian language in the 12th–13th centuries. There are many other claims of a similarly laughable nature. Without much consideration, they are particularly fond of antiquating their own ‘history.’ As for the term ‘Azerbaijanis,’ we shall not elaborate here, but regarding the Ingilos, it must be stated that this term emerged in the 1820s–1840s of the 19th century. It does not denote newly subdued, newly Islamized, or newly Christianized people; rather, the term ‘Ingilo’ means ‘new’ or ‘newly arrived’ (yeni gelen). In the historical short stories of Iakob Gogebashvili, we encounter the terms ‘Ingilo’ and ‘Saingilo,’ which the author associates with the period of King Erekle II of Kartli-Kakheti. For the reader to properly understand the essence of the matter, certain clarifications are necessary. Specifically, the author of the literary work is neither a historian nor a scholar nor a researcher. When he offers a literary depiction, he has every right to write as he sees fit, since he is producing a work of fiction rather than a scholarly study. The well-known historian Lovard Tukhashvili provides a fully acceptable explanation of this issue: “Iakob Gogebashvili included the story ‘Erekle II and the Ingilo Woman’ in a textbook. The event described there took place in Kiziki, in the village of Vakiri. The great educator replaced a Kiziki woman with an Ingilo woman. Why? Saingilo is an integral child of Georgia, and love for it must be instilled in a Georgian from childhood. The patriotism of the Ingilo woman, her love for the Georgian hat (as you may recall, in the story the Ingilo woman throws plums at Erekle II for wearing an Iranian hat), evokes very pleasant associations and makes us love the Ingilos themselves.” In short, writers and poets are not prohibited from artistically portraying even historical facts in their works. Our goal, however, is to call things by their proper names and, through necessary explanations, prevent certain foreign researchers from distorting history.
Local Self-Government, Education, and Healthcare in the Telavi Mazra in 1918-1921
The article examines the villages of the Telavi district during the period of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921). Particular attention is given to the analysis of administrative, social, educational, healthcare, agrarian, and infrastructural processes carried out by local self-governments. Based on archival documents and other primary sources, the study analyzes the formation of small territorial units, the administrative apparatus of the district and local authorities, and its reorganization processes. The research demonstrates that the main goal of the district authorities’ activity was to ensure the maximum involvement of the population in the work of local self-governance. The article pays special attention to the education system. The analysis of archival documents shows that in the villages of the Telavi district, in order to improve the quality of education, additional teachers were assigned to schools, new schools were opened, and the educational network was gradually expanded. Attention is also given to changes in the healthcare sector: a medical-sanitary network was established, rural hospitals were created, the inpatient and outpatient services were implemented, and the poor people were provided with medicines through pharmacies. The study also reflects agrarian reforms in the Telavi district villages: an agronomic department was established to oversee harvests, redistribute land, and promote the development of agriculture. District authorities also supervised the planning and organization of rural settlements. During the same period, the local police were reorganized under the supervision of the territorial units. This reorganization reduced serious crimes in the villages and ensured the maintenance of public order. The findings confirm that the measures implemented in the villages during the period of the Democratic Republic of Georgia contributed to strengthening local self-government, promoting active participation of the population in governance, advancing socio-economic processes, adapting education and healthcare to the needs of the population, supporting agrarian activities, and reinforcing law and order.
Single-Level Local Self-Government in Georgia: Challenges and Future Perspectives
In this paper, the local self-government bodies of Georgia and the reforms implemented in this field in 2006 and 2014 are examined. The introduction of a Single-level local self-government system in the country is analyzed, including the reasons for its implementation, its negative aspects, existing problems, ways to address them, and future prospects. Special attention is given to the 2006 local self-government reform, the abolition of self-government bodies of villages, communities, settlements, and cities, as well as district administrative bodies, and the introduction first of the institution of the governor’s representative and later the institution of representatives, general assemblies of settlements, and elected representatives, along with their negative aspects. The study employs a comparative legal analysis of local self-government bodies in foreign countries, which makes it possible to address the question of whether the restoration of self-government at the village, community, settlement, and city levels is feasible and what positive outcomes such a step could bring to the development of local self-government in Georgia.
Akhmeturi Tsiteli: A Study of the Physico-Chemical and Sensory Profile of the Wine
A study was conducted to investigate the chemical and sensory profiles of the Georgian grape variety Akhmeturi Tsiteli, with a focus on the specifics of the fermentation process and the impact of different yeast strains. The analysis was carried out using gas chromatography (GC) and spectrophotometric methods. Four wine samples were examined, fermented with both commercial and wild yeast strains. Gas chromatographic analysis of volatile compounds revealed that the aromatic profile is predominantly shaped by higher alcohols, particularly isoamyl alcohol (32.25%) and isobutanol (30.83%), which impart fruity and herbal notes to the wine. Elevated levels of ethyl acetate and 1-propanol were also detected, indicating the influence of intensive fermentation. The analysis of phenolic components showed significant variations depending on the yeast strain. The sample fermented with wild yeast was characterized by markedly lower concentrations of phenolic compounds (catechins, leucoanthocyanins, phenolic acids), which may indicate increased metabolization of these compounds by the wild yeast. In contrast, samples fermented with commercial yeasts exhibited higher levels of phenolic components, contributing to improved structure, astringency, and color stability. In conclusion, the study confirmed that the choice of yeast strain plays a crucial role in shaping the final sensory and chemical characteristics of Akhmeturi Tsiteli wine. Commercial yeasts provide predictable and controllable outcomes, while wild yeast can be used to achieve a unique but less stable profile. These findings are important for wine quality control and the optimization of technological processes.
Chemical Characteristics of Sheep Cheese Ripened in a Traditional Shepherd's Skin Bag and Polyethylene Bag
The chemical composition of cheese samples produced using different maturation technologies was investigated. Tushetian Guda cheese, one of the most renowned cheese varieties of Eastern Georgia, has been traditionally manufactured for centuries in the mountainous region of Tusheti. Samples were collected from two communities in Tusheti: (1) the Ivanaurta community, village Vestmo -sheep cheese matured in a traditional guda (sheepskin bag), and (2) the Samtsikhe community, village Chigho - sheep cheese matured in polyethylene bags. The results showed that the mass fraction of dry matter in the cheese matured in guda was 72%, whereas that of cheese matured in polyethylene bags was 60%. Titratable acidity reached 210°T and 120°T, respectively. Protein content in dry matter was 44.26% in the guda-matured cheese and 29.95% in the polyethylene-matured cheese. Fat content in dry matter was 45.8% and 44.0%, while salt content was 8.9% and 13.5%, respectively. Moisture content was 28% in the cheese matured in guda and 40% in cheese matured in polyethylene. These differences are attributed to the duration of maturation and storage conditions. The traditional guda, which serves both as the maturation and storage vessel, promotes the development of a specific microbiota, resulting in an intensified aromatic profile and the formation of a unique flavor and texture. The use of polyethylene bags for the maturation and storage of Tushetian Guda cheese significantly affects the product’s ecological authenticity and the development of its characteristic microbial ecosystem. Cheese matured in polyethylene exhibits a considerably weaker aromatic profile compared to guda-matured cheese, as the process occurs in a hermetically sealed environment that may also support the growth of anaerobic microflora. From an ecological perspective, polyethylene bags exert a severe environmental impact due to their non-biodegradable nature, persisting in the environment for centuries. Their use negatively affects local ecosystems, contributes to biodiversity loss, and poses an irreversible threat to the distinctive and ecologically pristine environment of Tusheti.
Wine is the business card of Georgia, and the world’s renowned enologists recognize the country as the cradle of winemaking. Vine, wine, and the people living on Georgian territory have coexisted and evolved together for more than 8,000 years. Over this long history, numerous indigenous grape varieties and diverse winemaking technologies have been developed. However, human intellectual pursuit constantly strives for innovation, steering every field - including winemaking - to a new stage of development. The present paper introduces the production technology of the dessert wine “Late Harvest,” which represents an innovation for Georgian winemaking. It outlines the technological processes distinct from those used in the production of other wine types - from raw material acquisition to bottling -which ultimately give the final product its unique character and consumer appeal. Harvesting Rkatsiteli grapes late on the mountain slope, stringing them into clusters and allowing them to dehydrate under ventilated conditions, softly pressing the shriveled berries in a hand press, fermenting the must in oak barrels at a maximum of 20 °C, and aging the wine for years—these processes contribute to the wine’s exceptional qualities. Compared to classic Rkatsiteli wine, the dessert wine displays different basic chemical parameters, a higher content of phenolic compounds, increased antioxidant activity, and distinctive organoleptic characteristics. It features not a fresh, crisp taste but more mellow tones, aromas reminiscent of dried fruit, and a deep tea-like color.
The Impact of Job Satisfaction and Motivating Factors on Company Loyalty and Long-term Motivation
This study is based on three independent logistic regression models, which are used to examine in detail three main dimensions of employee satisfaction in Georgia: (1) satisfaction with education, (2) satisfaction with management, and (3) loyalty to the company. Our research analysis allows us to clearly distinguish between the factors that influence the long-term decision to stay with a company, as well as identify what types of incentives have a significant impact on employees' work behaviors and organizational expectations. The results of the study show that satisfaction with management is the strongest factor in all three models (p < 0.004), indicating that the presence of positive relationships with management significantly determines employees' work attitudes. In addition, material factors—including compensation, financial incentives, and work environment—have a statistically insignificant effect on loyalty, indicating that long-term loyalty is not formed solely on the basis of hygienic conditions. The study reveals an important conclusion: long-term employee loyalty is much more closely related to the safety of the working environment, length of service, age characteristics, and the degree of trust in management. Accordingly, the hypothesis to which the analysis was conducted is formulated as follows: H—Hygiene factors (compensation, incentives, work environment, collegial relationships, and social guarantees) create the necessary basis for employee satisfaction, although their impact on long-term organizational loyalty and the likelihood of remaining in the company is sharply limited.
Economic, Financial, and Investment Perspectives for Renewable Energy Business Development in Georgia
The future development of the energy sector of Georgia significantly depends on the development of the energy business, in which renewable energies hold a special place and which, in turn, possesses very significant potential. In recent years, global political instability, climate change, the necessity of energy security, and the fluctuation of energy resource prices on the world market further strengthen the importance of renewable energy on an international scale. These factors have determined the interest of various countries, including Georgia, in the diversification of the energy sector and the promotion of renewable energy business development. Renewable energy business has a distinctly pronounced economic, financial, and investment logic for Georgia, stemming from the fact that it promotes economic growth, attracts investment, diversifies energy directions, facilitates the formation of a green economy, and implements environmental and climate ambitions. The aim of the work is to analyze the economic potential of renewable energy business development in Georgia and to assess investment perspectives in the context of local and international business opportunities. The study analyzes the existing energy business potential in Georgia, state strategies and regulations, including the opportunities for renewable energy business development in the years 2023–2030 in the context of the European Union's 'Green Deal,' and based on economic analysis, identifies the key factors that determine the investment perspectives and economic viability of the renewable energy sector stemming from current economic realities.
De-dollarization Strategy as a Guarantee of Stability for Sustainable Development of Georgia's Financial System - Risks and Challenges
In today's world, which is developing in an environment of constant changes and global challenges, sustainable development and financial stability are among the main priorities in the process of forming a country's economic policy. Sustainable development implies the alignment of economic, financial, and social goals, as a result of which such sustainability of the economy and financial system is achieved that ensures the continuity of the system's functioning and minimizes risks to the minimum. Georgia, which actively participates in global and regional economic processes and is distinguished by its location, constantly faces both geopolitical as well as economic and financial challenges. The country's economy has been undergoing a process of economic and financial transformation for three decades now, which is associated with the influence of many internal and external factors and challenges. One of the main challenges is the stability of the national currency, the lari. Despite the fact that the national currency is the first indicator of economic and financial risks facing the country and a measure of problems, it still remains one of the most stable instruments for the country's economy and finances, which in turn is closely linked to the country's de-dollarization strategy. The aim of the work is to analyze the de-dollarization strategy as a guarantee of sustainable development and stability of Georgia's financial sector, the significance of sustainable de-dollarization in Georgia's financial system, and its impact on the country's economic stability.
The Role of Museums in the Development of Regional Tourism: Telavi Historical Museum – between Tradition and Innovation
The modern vision and needs of society, as well as the development of technologies, have completely changed the role and importance of museums - it is no longer just an exhibition space where people just examine works of arts or artifacts, but it turned into a cultural, educational and social center. Thus, the essence of modern museums is that they must change both the forms and strategies of interaction with visitors – studying their behavior, interests, and satisfaction are considered as important components in the context of museum functioning efficiency and sustainable development. The results of the research help the museum diversify its programs, offer new services, and properly plan and conduct advertising campaigns, which ultimately increases interest in the museum. The presented work aims to analyze the cultural, educational and public activities of Telavi Historical Museum. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used: 1. Documentary analysis - we reviewed the museum&#39;s internal documentation, reports, and project descriptions, thereby assessing the content and structural characteristics of the museum&#39;s cultural and educational policy. 2. Interview and observation method: Interviews were conducted with representatives of the administration, educational and visitor departments of Telavi Historical Museum, and tour guides. Regular visitors of the museum were interviewed – as well as, representatives of Telavi public schools and Telavi State University. 3. Analysis of program material: As a result of the content analysis of educational projects, master classes, and thematic events developed by the museum, their structure, target groups, learning objectives, and interactive components were discussed. The purpose of analyzing the program materials was to assess their effectiveness, as well as age and thematic appropriateness. As a result of studying the public and cultural-educational activities of Telavi Historical Museum, we have formulated the following findings and conclusions: the museum is no longer just a repository of exhibits, but rather an active public, educational, and cultural platform. Museum staff are aware that visitors should be perceived not only as spectators of exhibits, but also as participants of museum activities. The programs that have been recently developed by Telavi Museum promote the engagement of different age groups, develop critical thinking among young people, and revive historical memory, promoting cognition and a sense of cultural and national identity; Programs include excursions, conferences, and thematic lessons. Telavi Historical Museum has always been and still remains an important Georgian tourism destination and a cultural and educational center of Kakheti region. Promoting and developing museums should be an important element of the strategy to position Georgia as a tourist-attractive country.
Basiani (also Fasiani) is a historical region of Georgia located at the sources of the Mtkvari and Chorokhi rivers. Scholars of early Georgian history (P. Ingorokva, S. Janashia) regarded Basiani as part of Speri. In studying the land of Speri, we likewise consider Basiani a subject of our research. Across the entire territory of Speri, the Georgian language has been forgotten, leading the people of Speri to drift away from their Georgian origins. More than five centuries have passed since Speri became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1514; the population converted to a different faith and abandoned its Georgian way of life. Despite this, traces of Georgian heritage are still evident on the soil of Speri – monuments of material culture, elements of ethnographic tradition, Speri’s Turkish folklore, and Speri’s toponymy all bear witness to the region’s past, the ethnic composition of its earlier population, and its traditional economic practices. To reconstruct a coherent picture of Speri, ancient toponymy – ,,the language of the land,” an unfailing witness of past processes – is of particular importance. It should also be noted that in the past, Speri served as a space of cultural dialogue: Georgians (the people of Speri and Basiani), Greeks, Armenians, and later Ottomans (Turks) all converged here. Some of these groups consider Speri their ancestral homeland. It is precisely toponymy that must answer the question of who the indigenous inhabitants of Speri were. This paper discusses issues related to the toponymy of Basiani. Part of the analyzed material was collected during field expeditions, while we also relied on published toponymic sources. We offer a structural and semantic analysis of geographical names and identify their linguistic affiliation.
Terminological Processes in the Field of Crafts: Formation of Specialized Vocabulary
The article analyzes lexical units of embroidery (kashtado‘zlik), doppi-making (do‘ppido‘zlik), and gold embroidery (zardo‘zlik) through terminological derivation processes. An extensive historical-etymological study shows that they exhibit morphological structures, derivational affixes, semantic changes, and dialectal variations in Uzbek linguistic systems. By focusing on how professional lexicon in applied arts is shaped by affixation, compounding, and semantic extension, the study confirms the stability of derivational models in national-cultural settings. It chronicles the historical context of these terms, from early craft practices of ancient times to a contemporary context, and emphasizes their importance in maintaining cultural identity under conditions of social globalization. A comparative understanding of other Turkic languages to find evidence for such mechanisms in craft terminology development illustrates an understanding that is applicable in almost every language when dealing with craft terms. The study also aids in examining terminology used in traditional Uzbek handicrafts from the perspective of terminogenesis, with theoretical implications for lexicography and cultural linguistics.
On Some Lexical Units in the Creative Works of Shio Aragvispireli
In general, the charm of a writer lies in the ability to avoid artificial phrasing, to remain direct and sincere, and to draw the reader into a realm of profound emotional perception. From this perspective, even a cursory reading allows us to assert that Shio Aragvispireli fulfills with remarkable precision his responsibility toward both language and reader and effectively achieves his intended artistic goals. In this process, lexis and phraseology occupy a distinctive place, serving as a clear manifestation of the writer’s creative imagination and providing rich illustrative material for the study of his lexical repertoire. In this paper, we present only a selection of lexical units which, in our view, are of particular value according to various criteria and are likely to attract the reader’s attention: 1. lexical items whose meanings may be clear from the context yet are essential for the study of the author’s lexical idiosyncrasies; 2. lexical units that may be incomprehensible to a broad readership from a contemporary perspective. Most of these items are characterized by figurativeness, remarkable expressiveness and dynamism, a distinctive artistic mode of representation, and originate from living, colloquial speech. (ცრემლვა [tsremlva] (tearing up/crying); ჭუჭკვა [tchutchkva] (crumpling/folding up); დაბუხვა [dabukhva] (becoming numb or stiff/freezing); მათრათი [matrati] (a clay bowl used for washing the face); ხამუშ-ხამუშ [khamush-khamush] (intermittently/from time to time); მარქაფა [marqapa] (reserve/spare); კრენხვა[krenkhva] (squinting/winking); ლავლავი [lavlavi] (pitiful, labored chewing); ქაფიანი [qapiani] (foamy); მსჯელობის ძაფი [msjelobis dzapi] (the thread of reasoning / the ability to reason or think logically); კრიჭის შებერტყვა [kritchis shebertkva] (wiping the mouth or face clean); გულის მოლაფნა [gulis molapna] (softening of the heart; emotional yielding)... The complexity of the research, based on descriptive and lexicographic methods as well as analysis and synthesis, will subsequently enable us to once again identify and elucidate the fundamental regularities and tendencies of an essential nature that have operated and continue to operate in our language. In our view, the issue under study is of both theoretical and practical significance, as the diverse lexical units assembled therein constitute excellent material for various lecture-based and instructional courses (lexicology and lexicography, dialectology, the language and style of the writer, etc.). As a result of the research, it becomes evident that the ideological and artistic marker of Shio Aragvispireli’s text lies precisely in its diverse lexical units. Through their purposeful and effective use, the writer creates a unique and individual artistic linguistic world and demonstrates that he introduces and enriches the language with numerous innovations. This language, indeed, provides a solid foundation for assigning him a достой place in the development of the literary language.
Language Variations in the Digital Age: The Role of Social Media in Everyday Communication
This paper examines language variation and change in social media communication, focusing on how digital platforms influence contemporary language use. Language constantly evolves in response to social and technological developments, and social media has become one of the most important spaces where these changes occur rapidly. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok create a unique communicative environment that combines features of spoken and written language and encourages informal, creative, and emotionally expressive interaction. The study adopts a qualitative discourse-analytical approach and analyses publicly available posts and comments from major social media platforms. The analysis concentrates on four key aspects of social media language: neologisms, abbreviations and emojis, hashtags, and wordplay. These features are examined in terms of their communicative functions and their role in meaning-making within digital discourse. The findings show that neologisms are a central feature of social media language. Many new words emerge from platform-specific practices and online behaviours, such as DM, vlog, doomscrolling, and ghosting. Particular attention is given to Georgian social media discourse, where English digital terms are actively borrowed and adapted to Georgian morphological patterns, demonstrating linguistic creativity and structural flexibility. Abbreviations, acronyms, and emojis support fast communication and compensate for the absence of non-verbal cues. Emojis function as important tools for expressing emotion and identity, and their use varies across cultural contexts. In Georgian social media, emojis often reflect local cultural values and social identity. Hashtags are analysed as linguistic and ideological tools that organise discourse, express stance, and connect individual messages to wider social, cultural, and political movements, often through hybrid and multilingual forms. The paper concludes that social media has a dual effect on language. While it promotes innovation, creativity, and lexical expansion, it may also challenge grammatical accuracy and appropriate register use. Overall, social media plays a crucial role in shaping contemporary language and requires balanced and ongoing linguistic analysis.
Syntactic Constructions Expressing Comparison in Guram Dochanashvili's 'Samoseli Pirveli' [The First Garment]
The article discusses syntactic constructions expressing comparison according to Guram Dochanashvili's "Samoseli Pirveli“ [The First Garment]. The writer created comparison by grammatical conjunctions, by prepositions and separate words. This time we will focus only on the comparison expressed by conjunctions, which appears in complex syntactic constructions. Using syntactic comparison constructions, the author obtained the following comparisons: Similative comparison. Here the writer uses conjunctions „ვითარცა“ [vitartsa] (as, like) and "როგორც“ [rogorts] (as, like). In Guram Dochanashvili's writing, a subordinate clause expressing comparison is often incomplete; the verb-predicate is omitted, the conjunction "როგორც“ [rogorts] is always in the subordinate clause, and the adverb "ისე“ [ise] (so/such/in that way/like that.) is in the principal clause: „ისე იყვნენ ერთმანეთთან, როგორც ცუდი ძაღლი და ცუდი კატა“ (They were to each other, like a bad dog and a bad cat.) Sometimes the adverb "ისე“ [ise] (so/such/in that way/like that.) is omitted, which is presented elliptically: „მწვადი ცვრიანი უნდა იყოს, კარგი, გემრიელი, როგორც კარგი ქალი” (The mtsvadi (barbecue) must be succulent, fine, and flavorful—just like a fine woman). The writer expresses the similative comparison by an adjunctive subordinate hypotactic construction. Contrastive comparison. The writer uses the conjunction “ვიდრე [vidre] (than) as a connecting means in complex syntactic constructions: „საკვირველი იყო, ყურებს რაღაცნაირად მეტი სიმკვირცხლე ეტყობოდა, ვიდრე მის შავად ამღვრეულ თვალებს“ (It was strange, his ears were somehow more lively, than his dark dull eyes) - Here comparison implies a contrast between two events. „იმ მოგუდული დაკვრის გაგონება უფრო მტკივნეული იყო ლეოპოლდისთვის, ვიდრე აივნიდან გადმოფენილი შავი ფარდის დანახვა“ (Hearing that muffled playing was more painful for Leopold than seeing the black curtain hanging from the balcony) - here the difference is in degree, in the principal clause “უფრო”[upro] (more) - adverb corresponds to the predicate it belongs to. Equal comparison. It is usually given as an adjunct. „ისევე როგორც ყველა ნამდვილ ქალს, კარგად ახსოვდა რა კაბა ეცვა“ (Like all real women, she remembered very well what dress she was wearing). Relative comparison. To express the given comparison, the writer uses conjunctions: “რამდენადაც” [ramdenadats] (the more ... the more, as far as), “რამდენიც” [ramdenits] (as many/much as) and “რაც” [rats] (that): „ისიც იცოდე, დომენიკო,რომ მით უფრო თავზეხელაღებულია ქვედა კამორელი, რამდენადაც უფრო ზრდილობიანად გებაასება“ (So know, Domenico, that the more politely a resident of Lower Camora converses with you, the more desperate he is); „ქვეყნად სწორედ იმდენი დაღმართია, რამდენიც აღმართი“ (There are exactly as many descents in the world as there are ascents). The conjunction “რაც” [rats] (that) is used for relative comparison; it acts as a connecting unit expressing a relationship to a degree: „დედამიწაზე არ არსებობს იმაზე მეტი სიკეთე, რაც თვალია“ (There is no greater good on earth, that is an eye). Irreal comparison. The writer expresses irreal comparison with the conjunctions „ვითომ/ც“ [vitom/ts] (as if) and „თითქოს“ [titkos] (as though /as it were) which express proximity, assumption in an irreal way. The subordinate clause often follows the principal clause, but rarely precedes it. In the principal clause the adverb „ისე“ [ise] (so) is sometimes found, or it is omitted and is a subject to restoration: „ისე ჩამობნელდა ზეს ქოხში, ვითომც დაღამდა“ (It got so dark in Ze's cabin, as if it were night); „ზოგი ოხერი ხანდახან განგებ იგინება - ვითომ ინტელიგენტია“ (Some scoundrels sometimes swear deliberately - as if they were intelligent). By means of the uconjunction “თითქოს” [titkos] (as if/as through), in the construction of an irreal comparison, the thought is conveyed affirmatively: one object resembles another: „სახე ისე დაეძაბა, თითქოს რაღაც შორეულს ყურს უგდებდა“ (His face became tense, as if he were listening to something distant). I believe that the comparisons expressed through syntactic constructions in the language of Guram Dochanashvili's writing define the features of the writer's language, emphasizing his individuality, uniqueness, and distinctiveness.
Linguo-Stylistic Features of English Language Entrepreneurial Pitches
Entrepreneurial or business pitches are a uniquely compressed and persuasive genre of entrepreneurial communication, requiring speakers to articulate a compelling value proposition within strict time limits while simultaneously cultivating investor trust and interest. Their success depends not only on the substantive merits of the business idea but also on the linguistic and stylistic strategies deployed to frame that idea persuasively. This study explores the linguo-stylistic characteristics of English language business pitch discourse, drawing on a dataset of 37 successful presentations delivered during Season 15 of the American investment television program Shark Tank. The analysis examines a range of lexical, grammatical, and stylistic features, including metaphor, simile, wordplay, colloquial and informal expressions, parallelism, repetition, neologisms, and euphemistic strategies, highlighting how these devices function within the pitch genre. Findings demonstrate that entrepreneurs intentionally and systematically employ expressive linguistic mechanisms to achieve multiple communicative goals: establishing personal and professional credibility, enhancing the clarity and distinctiveness of product descriptions, fostering emotional resonance, and increasing message memorability in a competitive, high-stakes environment. Metaphors and wordplay, in particular, serve as powerful cognitive and branding tools, while colloquialism and humor help reduce social distance between pitcher and investor. By identifying these recurring patterns, the study contributes to the growing body of research on entrepreneurial discourse and underscores the role of linguistic creativity as a form of strategic communication. The insights gained offer practical implications for entrepreneurs, educators, and communication professionals seeking to optimize pitch effectiveness through targeted linguistic choices. The study contributes to research on entrepreneurial discourse by demonstrating how linguistic creativity functions as a persuasive tool in high-stakes pitch environments.
Syllabification as a Challenge in Speech Studies
The study of lexical stress demonstrates that syllables, irrespective of whether they are initially strong or weak, and whether they bear primary stress or not, may function contrastively, conveying nuances of meaning that cannot be expressed through other linguistic means. Consequently, any speaker who possesses a sufficiently clear understanding of the nature of the syllable can distinguish any syllable within a word or phrase by freely manipulating the relative values of the principal syllabic parameters. The material shows that these contrasts play an important role in interpersonal communication. Both in literary discourse and in various forms of intellectual communication, phonesthemic and morphological repetitions within words are clearly perceived primarily through the emphasis of the corresponding syllables. These syllables form such an indispensable reality of spoken interaction that speakers may abstract away from the linguistic significance of phonesthemes or from established rules of morphological segmentation, thereby “playing” with phonetically similar yet semantically incompatible and indivisible words. In English, the essence of these principles is reduced to a single, most significant feature: the strong attachment of a consonant to the preceding vowel, resulting in the prevalence of closed syllables. It is obvious that our aim is to improve the effectiveness and productivity of teaching the system of English syllabification. It is important for us to identify the dominant tendencies and concentrate on the most essential aspects of English pronunciation. Therefore, the question of establishing the exact location of syllable division is of secondary importance to us.
Linguostylistic Aspects of a Guram Rcheulishvili’s story “Batareka Chincharauli”
Guram Rcheulishvili is one of the most prominent figures in the history of modern Georgian prose—an author whose works are distinguished by emotional intensity, vivid imagery, and an individual narrative style. The short story “Bagthareka Chincharauli” occupies a special place in his literary legacy not only because of its thematic depth and the unconventional nature of its protagonist, but also due to its linguistic features, which create a distinctive, dynamic, and poetic atmosphere characteristic of Rcheulishvili’s writing. This article primarily focuses on the author’s linguistic and stylistic aspects that contribute to the unique artistic value of the text. The author’s language is highly expressive and aims not merely to convey information, but to produce a strong emotional impact on the reader. The text is rich in archaic vocabulary, which emphasizes the antiquity and traditional nature of the Khevsurian world, such as: “ჭიუხვები“ [chiyukhebi] (rocky peaks), “ხატობები [khatobebi] (ritual festivals), “ჭირისუფლები“ [chirispulebi] (mourners), “ჯვარპერანგიანი ვაჟები“ [jvarperangiani vazhebi] (cross-clad warriors). Ethnographic terms are also frequent, including “თემი“ [temi] (community), „სისხლის გამოსყიდვა“ [siskhlis gamoskidva] (blood redemption/blood ransom), and „ცხვარ-ძროხის გადახდა“ [tskhvar-zrokhis gadaxda] (payment in sheep and cattle) lending the narrative documentary precision. At the same time, the author employs evaluative and emotionally charged words such as „საზარელი“ [sazareli] (terrible), „დამამცირებელი“ [damamtsirebeli] (humilating), „ულოგიკო ვნებები“ [ulogiko vnebebi] (illogical passions) which intensify the subjective and judgmental tone of the text. The short story is composed of both simple and complex sentences, allowing ideas to develop gradually and in layered form. The text is saturated with figurative and expressive devices, including metaphors—for example, “„ვაკის სამყაროდან მოწყვეტილი ცხოვრობდა ეს ხალხი“ (these people lived cut off from the world of the plains) expressing isolation and spiritual separation. Epithets such as „ციცაბო ფერდობები“ [tsitsabo ferdobebi](steep slopes), „ბასრი ჭიუხები“ [basri tchiukhvebi](sharp cliffs) and „სქელტანიანი კანონთა წიგნი“ [sqeltaniani kanonta wigni] (a thick-bodied book of laws) enhance visual and emotional impact. The use of antithesis—poetry versus prose—expresses the opposition between the spiritual and the everyday worlds. Particularly noteworthy is the fusion of canonical and poetic vocabulary: juridical terms „კოდექსი“ [kodeksi](code), „კანონი“ [kanoni] (law), „იურისპრუდენციული“ [iurisprudentsiuli] (jurisprudential) collide with poetic expression, reflecting the tragic paradox of Khevsurian life—a rigid order alongside uncontrollable passion. Overall, the highly artistic and emotionally charged text, with its archaic and ethnographic vocabulary, complex syntax, and rich use of tropes, collectively creates an impressive portrayal of Khevsureti’s harsh, tragic, and poetic world.
LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH: DIFFERENCES IN RENDERING THE MEANINGS OF “SADOQAT” AND “LOYALTY” IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH DICTIONARIES
The Uzbek term sadoqat and its English equivalent, loyalty, are compared lexicographically in this study using Uzbek Wiktionary, Oʻzbek tilining izohli lugʻati, and Oxford Learner's Dictionary. The study delineates semantic and cultural divergences, structuring its inquiry across definitions, a comparative table, and implications, revealing that sadoqat emphasizes emotional-ethical commitment rooted in Arabic origins and collectivist values, while loyalty extends to pragmatic domains like commerce and politics and establishes the purpose: to uncover nuanced differences in conceptual expression between the languages. Tasks include obtaining dictionary definitions and actual discourse, with technique incorporating comparative linguistics, semantic field theory, and corpus analysis from materials including the British National Corpus, media texts, political speeches, and literary works. Results divide loyalty statements into personal, professional, socio-political, moral, religious, and commercial realms, highlighting Uzbek's semantically deeper, ethically charged phrases vs English's broader, context-specific lexicon (e.g., dedication, commitment). These findings apply to cross-cultural pragmatics, translation studies, and linguistics education, underlining collectivist vs individualistic tendencies. The conclusion affirms universal trust and steadfastness but underlines culturally driven differences, suggesting quantitative frequency analysis for greater robustness.
THE DIALECTICAL RELATIONSHIP OF BODY AND SOUL IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE OF IBN SINA AND AL-FARABI
Ibn Sina and Al-Farabi conceptualize the human being as a dynamic unity of body and soul. Both philosophers describe the soul as immaterial and eternal, and the body as material and perishable, yet they reject strict dualism in favor of a model of mutual interdependence. Al-Farabi emphasizes the integration of intellectual and moral development, while Ibn Sina’s “flying man” thought experiment demonstrates that self-awareness is grounded in bodily existence but not limited by it. Their models remain relevant for contemporary discussions on consciousness, personal identity, and holistic education.
For the Issue of the Georgian Renaissance
The concept of the Renaissance or revival refers to the era of cultural upsurge in Europe in the 15th-16th centuries, the ideological content of which is humanism. It means the revival of the ancient understanding of worldly reality. However, the influence of Christian-religious values ​of the Middle Ages is also noticeable in it. Italy is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance and is celebrated under the name of the European Renaissance. However, in Europe itself, an opinion appears about the signs of the existence of a non-European, or Eastern Renaissance. A typical example of the Eastern Renaissance is the Georgian Renaissance. According to Ivane Javakhishvili, the thorough study of Hellenism gave rise to the so-called “Renaissance” in Western Europe. Georgia began this movement already in the 12th century, but its completion was hindered by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Shalva Nutsubidze, in his study “Ioane Petritsi”, began the development of the theory of the Renaissance by recognizing the Byzantine Renaissance, from which, in his opinion, Western Europe received a stimulus for renewal and which prepared the Western European Renaissance. However, the Byzantine Renaissance stopped, and this cultural movement continued in Georgia in the 11th–12th centuries, in the works of Ioane Petritsi and |ShotaRustaveli. Grigol Robakidze develops a different idea about the Georgian Renaissance. He predicts the Georgian Renaissance in the 20th century. In his opinion, it is precisely in the history of Georgia of this century that the signs of the Georgian Renaissance are visible. Grigol Robakidze's stated opinion provides more hope and grounds for optimistic assertions about the strengthening and development of the Georgian Renaissance based on national traditions for Georgia in the 21st century.
Georgian Oak (Quercus iberica Stev.) Forest Types in Kakheti Ecotope – Cikum
Forest typological science, as a key area of forestry, has reached a high level of development among the countries of the Caucasus, particularly in Georgia, since the 1930s. In the classical sense, a forest type refers to areas covered with forest that have a uniform species composition, vegetation, and fauna across different layers, as well as a consistent set of forest growth conditions (climatic, soil, hydrological). It also encompasses the interactions between plants and the environment, thereby maintaining uniform ecological conditions that require similar silvicultural measures. Unlike a &quot; plant association,&quot; a forest type primarily refers to the uniformity of ecological conditions determining forest growth rather than the floristic composition. Sixteen forest types are represented in the forest ecosystems of Eastern Georgia. The relatively high abundance of Georgian oak forest types is explained by their strong resistance to a relatively dry climate, carbonate-rich, thin, and undeveloped soils, as well as their excellent adaptability, which is attributed to the highly xerophilous nature of Q. iberica. Among the forest types of Eastern Georgia, nine are found in the Kakheti region, where Georgian oak dominates, often mixed with other woody species. Oak primarily forms monodominant, sometimes bidominant, and occasionally polydominant groves, growing alongside Caucasian hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), cork elm (Ulmus suberosa), field maple (Acer avium and Acer campestre), common elm (Ulmus foliacea), additional hornbeam species (Acer laetum and Sorbus torminalis), Caucasian linden (Tilia caucasica), and other woody species. Considering the environmental conditions, the forest types studied by us are represented across all four ecotopes in the following order: Ecotope – Siccum (Dry)  Oak forest with sedge cover (Quercetum carexosum)  Oak forest with sedge cover (Quercetum poosum)  Oak forest with mixed herbaceous cover (Quercetum mixtoherbosum)  Oak forest with hornbeam undergrowth (Quercetum carpinulosum) Ecotope – Subsiccum (Moderately Dry) Oak forest with sedge cover (Quercetum lathyrosum)  Oak forest with fescue cover (Quercetum festucosum) Ecotope – Subhumidum (Moderately Cool) Oak forest with sparse undergrowth (Quercetum nudum) Oak forest with hornbeam undergrowth (Quercetum cornosum) Ecotope – Humidum (Cool) Oak forest with blackberry undergrowth (Quercetum rubosum) Forest Type – Kakheti Oak Forest with Bluegrass Cover
IRAN’S CONTROVERSIAL POSITION ON THE USE OF THE NAME “AZERBAIJAN” DURING THE PERIOD OF THE AZERBAIJAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
On May 28, 1918, the proclamation of an independent state under the name of Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus was met with strong objections from Iran. The official circles of Iran perceived the designation of the newly established state as “Azerbaijan” along its northern borders as a potential territorial claim over Southern Azerbaijan in the future. From late 1917 onwards, the issue concerning the appellation “Azerbaijan” emerged in the Iranian press and, until the end of 1919, became one of the central topics of discussion in both Iranian and Azerbaijani media. Although Iranian public figures and writers sought to advance claims regarding the use of the name “Azerbaijan” in both official and unofficial press outlets, M. A. Rasulzadeh and other leaders of the Republic firmly and scientifically refuted these biased assertions of Iran. This article, on a scholarly basis, elucidates the principal reasons underlying Iran’s opposition to the name “Azerbaijan” and substantiates the historical foundations of Azerbaijan’s national identity.