The Journal "Georgian Scientists" publishes a collection of works by Georgian scholars. It offers broad interdisciplinary coverage across various fields, including business, humanities, social science, science, technology and medicine. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/gs e-ISSN: 2667-9760 CiteFactor IF - 0.62 (2020-21) OAJIF IF - 0.95 (2025) SJIF IF - 5.79 (2023) ISI IF - 1.059 (2023-2024) Google Scholar IF - 0.5 (2023-2024)
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in Non-Destructive Pavement Investigation
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a modern and effective non-destructive method for pavement investigation, based on the use of high-frequency electromagnetic waves. This technology enables the acquisition of detailed information about pavement structure, including layer thickness, material properties, moisture content, and the presence of various types of internal defects, without the need for destructive intervention. This paper presents the application of GPR technology for pavement evaluation, using a case study from a selected section of Highway 401 in Canada. The study involved an assessment of pavement condition using both traditional methods (visual inspection, core drilling, and laboratory analysis) and data obtained from GPR measurements. Particular attention was given to the calibration of GPR data against core sample results, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the obtained measurements. The results demonstrated that GPR can accurately determine the thickness of asphalt and concrete layers, with minimal deviation when compared to data obtained from core drilling. In addition, the technology proved effective in identifying hidden structural elements and defects, such as reinforcement, concrete joints, partial and full-depth repairs, as well as cracks that are not visible during surface inspections. The findings indicate that GPR is a valuable tool for comprehensive pavement assessment, particularly in the case of composite structures where traditional methods are limited. Its application significantly improves diagnostic accuracy, reduces investigation costs, and supports the optimal planning of rehabilitation and reconstruction processes.
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AI Usage and Employees’ Perceived Performance: The Role of Autonomy and Job Pressure
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between employees’ use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and their perceived performance within an organizational context. Based on the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) theory framework, this paper analyzes the role of autonomy as a job resource and job pressure as a job demand in the relationship between AI usage and performance. The construct of artificial intelligence is relatively new in the field of organizational psychology, and its investigation is highly relevant, as existing research indicates a substantial impact on the performance of the employees. Using an online survey method, the study involved 178 participants employed in different sectors and positions. The findings revealed that the use of artificial intelligence does not have a direct effect on the performance of the employees. Instead, AI usage is indirectly related to the performance through autonomy: the use of AI increases employees’ authority to act independently, which in turn improves perceived performance. Additionally, it was confirmed that high levels of job pressure strengthen the relationship between AI use and performance. Specifically, under conditions of high workload, technology becomes a more effective resource for improving performance. Thus, the paper emphasizes that the implementation of artificial intelligence does not automatically lead to increased efficiency; rather, it depends on work-related factors. From a practical perspective, organizations should focus on job design - particularly on increasing employee autonomy—to transform AI technology into an effective job resource.
Architectural, Aesthetic and Urban Role of Malls in the Development of Tbilisi
In this article we discuss multifunctional centers (shopping malls) as part of the modern city, emphasizing their significant role both in urban development and in the daily lives of citizens. We have reviewed big shopping centers in Tbilisi: “Tbilisi Mall,” “Galleria Tbilisi,” and “East Point.” We have categorized these Malls within relevant classification frameworks and have described and analyzed their architectural and artistic characteristics, spatial organization, and functional structure, etc. The article also addresses both the positive impacts and the challenges associated with the emergence of malls in Tbilisi, such as issues related to urban integration, architectural identity and lack of public spaces.
Integration of Renewable Energy Source Into Aging Power Grid : Operation Management and Technological Adaptation
The integration of renewable energy sources into exiting power grids creates not only infrastructural, but also technological and operational challenges. The problem is especially serious for aging power grids that were not designed for the integration of renewable energy generation. The article analyzes the impact of renewable energy integration on grid operation, dispatching , and real-time control processes. It discusses the characteristics of inverter-based generation. The reduction of grid inertia, and the need to adapt protection and control algorithms. Special attention is giving to energy storage systems and flexible control mechanisms as important tools for increasing grid reliability. The research results clearly shows that, under the conditions of outdated power grids, effective management of renewable energy is possible only through technological adaptation.
Management of Intellectual Property in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
The present paper analyzes the systemic transformation of intellectual property management in the context of the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence. In the modern world, intellectual assets have become a primary resource defining economic development, competitiveness, and innovative potential. The research focuses on the necessity for intellectual capital to be not only legally protected but also efficiently managed across both private and public sectors. The paper places particular emphasis on Artificial Intelligence as a creative entity and analyzes the legal and economic challenges arising alongside technological progress. Furthermore, it discusses Georgia's process of approximation with the European Union and international markets, which necessitates the implementation of modern management systems and the stimulation of intellectual product creation. Research Hypothesis: Artificial Intelligence creates an enhanced effect within intellectual property management processes, simultaneously representing a new object of creative activity and serving as an instrument of unprecedented power for the identification, protection, and optimization of intellectual assets. Research Aim: To identify mechanisms for the systemic improvement of intellectual property management and to develop theoretical-practical recommendations that ensure the sustainable utilization of intellectual capital under the conditions of AI development. Research Objective: A complex analysis of the legal and economic aspects of the creative and inventive potential of Artificial Intelligence, including authorship, the distribution of intellectual property rights, and the role of AI as a creative entity. Additionally, the study aims to examine international regulatory approaches and ethical standards for the strategic optimization of IP management in high-tech enterprises and its adaptation within the Georgian context.
Aspects of Integrating Artificial Intelligence Methods into Web Technology Infrastructure
This paper proposes web performance evaluation metrics and their intelligent analysis. It demonstrates that the application of artificial intelligence approaches in this process ensures higher accuracy, flexibility, and scalability of performance assessment, thereby providing a solid foundation for targeted and effective improvement of website performance. The paper also shows that artificial intelligence represents a significant technological enabler for improving website performance; however, its application requires a well-considered and balanced approach. The implementation of artificial intelligence models is associated with both technical and organizational challenges, making it necessary to evaluate the trade-offs between effectiveness, model complexity, and infrastructural costs. Maintaining this balance ultimately determines the successful integration of artificial intelligence into digital products.
Phenylglycosylamines in Melanoidin Reaction
By the example of N-carboxy-phenylglycosylamines and N-hydroxy-phenylglycosylamines we have studied the dependence of transformation of N-glucoside – a key product of Maillard reaction on reaction medium pH and temperature [1,2]. We have determined the intensity of the mentioned aryl-N-glucosamines’ transformation into melanoidin according to number of formed melanoidin complexes (λ =470), and we have compared this process to melanoidin formation from respective amine component and glucose. We have conducted reaction in phosphate buffer medium, at following pH values: 5,0; 7,0; 9,2; at 1000°C during 2 hours, concentration of aryl-N-glucosamines or respective sugar-amine reacting mixture was 0.1 mole/l. Melanoidin reaction rate has been determined according to extinction of the formed melanoidin pigment (λ=470 nm). According to our experiment, N-glucosides and their respective sugar-amine mixtures participate in melanoidin reaction in a similar fashion: they generate melanoidin with roughly similar intensity at identical pH. At that, some difference has been noted between aminobenzoic acids and aminophenols; in particular, N-hydroxy-phenylglycosylamines and their respective sugar-amine mixtures intensively generate melanoidin pigments at high pH (9,2) and melanoidin reaction intensity reduces with increase of acidity. This fact makes aminophenols similar to aliphatic amino acids, which exactly in alkaline medium take more active part in melanoidin reaction [3].
Influence of Highly Conductive Disordered Regions on Kinetics of Radiation Defects Annealing in n-Si Crystals Irradiated with High-Energy Protons
Single crystals of n-type Si grown by the zone melting method with an electron concentration of n=6×10¹³ cm⁻³ were studied. The samples were irradiated with 25 MeV protons at room temperature (300 K). Isochronous annealing of the irradiated crystals was carried out in the temperature range Tₐₙₙ=110–500°C. The investigated samples were studied using the Hall effect method in the temperature range 77–300 K. In n-Si samples irradiated with high-energy particles, the observed non-monotonic variation in electron concentration n as a function of measurement temperature T is explained by changes in the ionization energies of point radiation defects (RDs) due to the influence of electrostatic interaction energy εₛ between different RDs. The oscillatory dependence of the Hall mobility μH on annealing temperature, as well as the non-monotonic behavior of the μH(T) curves, is attributed to the existence of highly conductive disordered regions (DRs) in the irradiated n-Si crystals, the formation of an electric field at the interface between the highly conductive DRs and the crystal matrix, and the non-monotonic variation of the electric potential U of the highly conductive DRs depending on their charge state. The highly conductive DRs are completely annealed out in the temperature range Tₐₙₙ=380–500°C. The work highlights the features of the variation in the concentration and mobility of the majority charge carriers in n-type silicon crystals irradiated with high-energy protons during isochronous annealing.
Improving the Quality of Life of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis through an Artificial Intelligence-based Brain Potential Recognition System
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes a gradual loss of motor functions and ultimately severely limits both verbal and nonverbal communication. In the later stages of the disease, patients often retain consciousness and cognitive functions; however, they practically lose the ability to interact with the outside world. This situation creates the need for technological systems that can restore or compensate for communication based on brain activity. The experimental study was conducted in the biomedical engineering laboratory “CleaveLab” of Georgian Technical University using the BioRadio wireless EEG system. The data were obtained through noninvasive electroencephalographic recording with electrodes placed according to the international 10–20 system. The recorded signals were processed in Excel and MATLAB, including preprocessing, normalization, feature extraction, and comparative evaluation of classification models. Several machine learning models were tested in the course of the study, including Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes. According to the obtained results, the Naive Bayes classifier demonstrated the best accuracy, achieving 72.8%. The results indicate that it is possible to recognize “yes/no” type cognitive responses based on EEG signals, and that this approach is promising for the development of communication systems for patients with ALS.
Artificial Intelligence-based Automatic Detection and Classification of Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation is among the most prevalent valvular pathologies, with incidence rising with age. If left untreated, severe mitral regurgitation carries a substantial risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension. Transthoracic echocardiography remains the primary noninvasive diagnostic tool; however, its interpretation relies heavily on expert experience and requires considerable time investment. This study aims to develop a fully automated system utilizing deep learning techniques for the detection and severity assessment of mitral regurgitation in color Doppler echocardiography images. Echocardiographic data collected between 2017 and 2025, comprising over 3,600 videos, were used to obtain 761 annotated images. The model was trained in the MATLAB environment utilizing the R-CNN architecture. Detection and severity assessment of mitral regurgitation were conducted using deep learning methods implemented in MATLAB, with a focus on computer vision techniques. Test results demonstrated greater than 95% accuracy in mitral regurgitation detection and over 80% accuracy in classification. These findings suggest that integrating artificial intelligence substantially reduces analysis time and enhances clinical decision-making.
Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Interdisciplinary Hybrid Models in Secondary Schools
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the comprehensive school system requires the transformation of traditional teaching methods and adaptation to a dynamic educational environment. The paper examines the role of interdisciplinary hybrid models, specifically the AI-PBL (AI Problem Solving Learning) model, in developing students' critical thinking, logical reasoning, and problem-solving skills. The article presents the possibilities and challenges of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and interdisciplinary hybrid learning models in general education schools. The study is based on a mixed methodology and includes an empirical study conducted in 12 public and private schools with over 450 students (grades 5-12) and 95 teachers. The results showed that hybrid models using AI significantly increase student motivation to learn (by 38%), develop critical and creative thinking (by 44%), and increase the level of achievement of learning outcomes defined by the national curriculum (by 31%) compared to traditional teaching methods. The study highlights the critical importance of institutional readiness, digital infrastructure, teacher professional development, and an inclusive learning environment.
The Challenge of the Modern World - Artificial Intelligence and its Role in Supply Chain Management
AI in supply chain management helps to optimise processes—from planning to production, logistics and asset management—and to make more informed decisions. The supply chain is one of the most important processes in business, through which a product or service passes from its creation to the end customer. The use of new technologies is important and necessary for increasing competitiveness. Therefore, the use of innovative technologies in the supply chain management process is important, as management becomes more efficient and faster. Companies are increasingly using artificial intelligence to optimise the flow of goods—from selecting sources of raw materials to production and delivery—in order to improve their operational efficiency. Supply chains are complex, and managing them requires significant time and effort from various teams across the business, including procurement, quality control and manufacturing. But with the increasing availability of AI-powered supply chain management solutions, companies of all sizes now have access to revolutionary tools for optimising processes and gaining deeper insights into supply chain data.
Chronic Endometritis: Histomorphologic Features and Plasma Cell Marker Correlation in Endometrial Curettage Specimens
Chronic endometritis is a subtle inflammatory disorder of the endometrium characterized by stromal plasma-cell infiltration, the recognition of which remains challenging in routine histopathologic evaluation. The present study aimed to evaluate the histomorphologic features of chronic endometritis in endometrial curettage specimens and to assess their correlation with plasma-cell burden using CD138 and MUM1 immunohistochemistry. A retrospective analysis was performed on 40 endometrial curettage specimens. Histomorphologic features were assessed on hematoxylin-eosin sections, and plasma-cell infiltration was quantified using hotspot and average counts per 10 high-power fields for both CD138 and MUM1. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive methods and Spearman correlation. The mean age of the cohort was 38.95 ± 8.64 years. Stromal edema, increased stromal cellularity, and surface epithelial changes were each present in 80.0% of cases, while periglandular inflammation, diffuse inflammation, and hemorrhage were observed in 60.0% of cases. All specimens demonstrated positivity for both CD138 and MUM1, with variable plasma-cell burden. A strong correlation was observed between CD138 and MUM1 average counts (ρ = 0.787, p < 0.001). Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate showed the strongest association with plasma-cell burden (CD138: ρ = 0.866; MUM1: ρ = 0.884; p < 0.001). Periglandular and diffuse inflammation were also significantly associated with increased plasma-cell counts, whereas stromal edema did not demonstrate a significant correlation. These findings indicate that specific histomorphologic features, particularly lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and gland-associated inflammation, are closely related to plasma-cell burden. Combined assessment using CD138 and MUM1 provides a consistent evaluation of plasma-cell infiltration and supports their complementary role in the diagnostic assessment of chronic endometritis.
Cold Hemolysis as the Initial Presentation of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case Report
Cold hemolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that may occur as an early manifestation of hematologic malignancies. Prompt recognition is crucial, especially in patients presenting with severe anemia and neurological symptoms, as delayed diagnosis may worsen outcomes. Methods A 39-year-old Lebanese woman was admitted to the emergency department in critical condition with severe generalized weakness, fatigue, marked loss of strength, and anosmia. Laboratory evaluation showed leukocytosis with lymphocytosis and monocytosis, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and increased indirect bilirubin. Coagulation studies revealed mild hyperfibrinogenemia and hypoprothrombinemia. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated no organomegaly or lymphadenopathy but identified a 70-mm hemorrhagic cyst of the right ovary. Peripheral blood smear showed critical pancytopenia with a left shift toward blast cells (~10%). Bone marrow aspiration with cytological and flow cytometric analysis in October 2024 confirmed precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Hemoglobin was critically low (1.88 g/dL). A bedside temperature-dependent test confirmed cold hemolysis. Results The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit and received warmed intravenous fluids and blood component transfusions, resulting in stabilization. She was then transferred to the Onco-Hematology Department. Due to the life-threatening presentation, protocol-based chemotherapy with Hyper-CVAD Part A and B was initiated. She required eight hospitalizations. Hematologic remission was achieved, and at discharge her condition was stable with improved blood counts (hemoglobin 9.96 g/dL). Outpatient therapy was recommended. Conclusion Cold hemolysis may represent a rare but severe initial manifestation of precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Early recognition and prompt intensive management are essential for patient survival and improved prognosis.
Strategies for Mitigation Social and Technical Safety Challenges During Excavation Works
Excavation work is an essential component of construction projects but carries inherent safety risks that must be managed effectively. This article examines both the social and technical aspects of safety in excavation work, focusing on creating a positive work environment and implementing necessary technical safety measures. Social aspects include addressing workers' well-being, fostering a sense of responsibility, and enhancing engagement through transparent communication, employee satisfaction, and psychological support. Meanwhile, technical safety covers risk assessments, protective systems, hazard management, and the use of safety protocols. The article emphasizes the importance of comprehensive planning, timely communication, employee involvement, and the strict adherence to safety measures to ensure a safe and productive work environment in excavation operations.
Pseudoprotein-Based Bionanocomposites Containing Benzoyl Peroxide
The development of new biomedical technologies provides an opportunity to introduce new methods of treatment in medicine. Among them, one of the interesting and promising is the technology of controlled/sustainable release and supply of peroxides and/or oxygen in hypoxia, to improve cell viability and tissues’ functions. Many diseases or medical procedures require increased oxygenation. Oxygen delivery can reduce cell apoptosis, necrosisand failure of tissue formation (especially during transplantation). The presented work deals with the preparation of new nanocomposites based on pseudoproteins with the purpose to provide delivery of oxygen in sustained/controlled release fashion. Among the numerous pseudoproteins previously obtained by us, two poly(ester amide)s labelled as 4F4 and 8L6 and made on the basis of natural α-amino acids phenylalanine and leucine were selected as biodegradable matrices for making the goal nanocomposites containing benzoyl peroxide as a source of oxygen. The influence of various factors on the fabrication of nanocomposites has been studied along with the stability of the obtained composites upon storage.
Development and Validation of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric(LCMS/MS) Method for the Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products
Many types of mold growing on agricultural products produce toxic substances called mycotoxins. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common, highly toxic, and carcinogenic of them. It is produced by fungi of the Aspergillus genus, which grow on stored grains, seeds, and fruits under hot and humid conditions. Aflatoxin M1 is the hydroxylated form and toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B1. It is formed in the liver of animals that consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin M1 accumulates in the animal’s body and is excreted in milk, posing a risk to the health of the consuming species — humans. Aflatoxin M1 is a strong carcinogen and also causes liver and immune system damage. Because of its high toxicity and hepatocarcinogenic potential, the permissible level of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products is strictly regulated in developed countries, including Georgia. In Georgia, the maximum allowable limit for aflatoxin M1 is 0.05 µg/kg. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a chromato-mass spectrometric method for the determination of aflatoxin M1. We have developed and validated a chromato-mass spectrometric method for determining aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. The limit of qualitative detection of aflatoxin M1 was determined as follows: in milk – 0.003 µg/kg, in fermented milk products – 0.0034 µg/kg, in cheese – 0.0038 µg/kg, in cream – 0.0036 µg/kg. The limit of quantitative determination of aflatoxin M1 was determined as follows: in milk – 0.03 µg/kg, in fermented milk products – 0.034 µg/kg, in cheese – 0.038 µg/kg, in cream – 0.036 µg/kg. The obtained results indicate that the selected method meets the requirements established for analytical procedures.
Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Logistics Planning Models in Sports Events
This article aims to provide a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of two major logistics planning models in sports events: the classical and the systemic approaches. The study is based on a review of theoretical literature and the evaluation of large-scale international sporting events, including the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup. The paper examines key logistical risks at the planning stage, such as transportation disruptions, resource shortages, communication failures, and infrastructural constraints. The findings indicate that while the classical model is effective in stable and less complex environments, it is limited in dynamic and uncertain conditions. In contrast, the systemic model, which is based on process integration, feedback mechanisms, and real-time management, provides greater flexibility and more effective risk management. The study demonstrates that systemic logistics planning significantly enhances operational efficiency, improves participant and spectator experience, and reduces financial costs. Therefore, the adoption of a systemic approach in modern sports event management is considered a critical factor for ensuring overall success.
The Role of Supply Chain Management in the Operational Processes of Sports Events
This article examines the role of supply chain management in the operational processes of sports events and analyzes its impact on system coordination, resource allocation, and operational stability. The study focuses on the key elements of the sports event supply chain, including transportation, inventory management, infrastructure provision, information flows, service components, and supplier networks, which together form a complex operational system. Sports events represent highly complex temporary systems in which numerous participants, service providers, and logistical components are integrated under strict time constraints. In such an environment, the efficient functioning of each element is critically linked to the stability of the overall supply chain. The research is based on a qualitative methodology, including literature review, comparative analysis, conceptual evaluation, and case study interpretation. The analysis reveals that the supply chain of sports events is characterized by high dynamism and unpredictability, which increases the level of operational risks. The main challenges are related to coordination deficiencies, fragmentation of information flows, uneven resource allocation, and insufficient integration between supply chain components. The study demonstrates that the successful management of modern sports events largely depends on integrated and technologically supported supply chain systems, which ensure synchronized management of transportation, inventory, infrastructure, and information flows, thereby improving operational coordination and enhancing overall system stability.
CD163-Positive Macrophage Enrichment in Peritoneal Implants of Serous Ovarian Tumors: A Quantitative Digital Pathology Study
Peritoneal dissemination is a defining feature of epithelial ovarian cancer and plays a central role in disease progression and poor clinical outcome. Increasing evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment, particularly tumor-associated macrophages, contributes significantly to metastatic behavior. CD163 is a well-established marker of M2-polarized macrophages associated with immune suppression and tumor promotion. However, the spatial distribution and quantitative characteristics of CD163-positive macrophages in peritoneal implants of serous ovarian tumors remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate CD163-positive macrophage infiltration across the spectrum of serous ovarian tumors and to analyze their spatial distribution within peritoneal implants. A total of 42 cases, including serous borderline tumors, low-grade serous carcinoma, and high-grade serous carcinoma, were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for CD163 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Digital whole-slide imaging and quantitative analysis were used to assess macrophage density (cells/mm²) in predefined compartments, including stromal areas, tumor center, invasive front, and tumor–stroma interface. A statistically significant increase in CD163-positive macrophage density was observed across the histological spectrum, with the lowest values in borderline tumors and the highest in high-grade serous carcinoma. The most pronounced differences were identified in the stromal compartment, invasive front, and tumor–stroma interface (p < 0.001). Spatial analysis demonstrated preferential accumulation of macrophages in peritumoral regions associated with invasion, while tumor center regions showed comparatively lower densities. Strong correlations were identified between macrophage densities in stromal and invasive compartments, indicating coordinated microenvironmental remodeling. These findings demonstrate progressive enrichment and spatial redistribution of CD163-positive macrophages in peritoneal implants of serous ovarian tumors. The observed patterns support the role of macrophage-mediated immune modulation and stromal interaction in tumor progression and metastatic dissemination. Quantitative spatial assessment of CD163-positive macrophages may provide valuable insight into tumor biology and represents a potential approach for microenvironment-based stratification in ovarian cancer.
Role of Energy Storage Systems for Ancillary Services
The large-scale integration of wind power into modern electricity systems presents fundamental operational challenges, owing to the stochastic and non-dispatchable nature of wind resources. This paper examines the colocated of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) with utility - scale wind power plants as a technically and economically viable strategy for mitigating generation variability and enabling firm power delivery. A 60 MW wind power plant, comprising Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG),interfaced with the grid via back-to-back Voltage Source Converters (VSC) is modeled in the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation environment, alongside a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄) - based BESS connected at the 110 kV point of common coupling. Three representative operational scenarios are evaluated over a 24-hour simulation horizon: (i) standalone wind plant operation without storage; (ii) wind-BESS co-operation with real-time power smoothing and constant 40 MW grid delivery; and (iii) combined operation under active power curtailment with simultaneous reactive power regulation. Simulation results demonstrate that BESS effectively eliminates generation volatility, enables energy time-shifting from periods of surplus to peak demand intervals, and delivers critical ancillary services: including primary frequency response and dynamic reactive power compensation with a discharge response time of approximately 100 milliseconds. The study fidnings have shown that BESS integration transforms an inherently intermittent wind generation into a dispatchable generation resource, enhances power system stability, improves the capacity factor of the wind plant, and has potential to generates additional economic value through the elimination of imbalance penalties, reduction of curtailmens, and access to ancillary service revenue streams.
Division of the E. Mindeli Mine Field into Blocks with Different Mining-Geological and Mining-Technical Conditions Based on Borehole Data
The Tkibuli-Shaori coal deposit represents one of the most complex mining-geological objects, characterized by complicated tectonic structures, variable coal seam thicknesses, and steep inclination angles. These conditions significantly complicate the selection of appropriate mine opening, preparation, and extraction technologies. The paper analyzes the geological structure of the deposit, the existing mining schemes, and their shortcomings, while proposing optimized technological solutions based on block division, improved safety measures, and increased mining efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the prospects of applying mechanized systems, as well as to reducing the risks of rock bursts and endogenous fires.
Financial toxicity has become an increasingly important concern in contemporary cancer care. Although advances in oncology have improved survival and expanded treatment options, they have also increased the economic burden experienced by patients and families. Financial toxicity refers not only to direct medical expenses but also to indirect costs, loss of income, psychological distress, and reduced access to care. This literature review examines the concept, determinants, consequences, measurement, and policy implications of financial toxicity among cancer patients. Evidence suggests that financial hardship may affect treatment adherence, quality of life, mental health, family stability, and health equity. The burden is particularly relevant for vulnerable populations and health systems with limited financial protection. Addressing financial toxicity requires routine screening, transparent communication about costs, financial navigation, stronger insurance coverage, and equity-oriented cancer policy. Recognizing financial toxicity as part of cancer care quality is essential to patient-centered, sustainable oncology practice.
NEXT GENERATION INTELLIGENT NETWORKS – 6G TECHNOLOGY REVIEW
6G is the upcoming sixth-generation mobile network technology, expected to be commercially available by 2030. It offers speeds of up to 1 terabit per second (100 times faster than 5G) and microsecond latency. It will combine artificial intelligence capabilities, 3D coverage via satellites, and high-precision sensors, enabling interactive AR/VR, holographic, and autonomous systems. The paper discusses 6G mobile communication technology, its development trends, expected characteristics, and future application areas. This paper analyzes the role of 6G in digital transformation, its advantages compared to 5G networks, and the technological challenges associated with its implementation. Special attention is given to artificial intelligence integration, terahertz frequencies, and holographic communication possibilities.
Dynamic Fracture of Rock Samples and Rock Burst
To study the formation and occurrence of rock bursts in mining enterprises, the dynamic fracture of rock samples under uniaxial compression in laboratory conditions is examined, along with the “ejection” of the smallest rock particles, considered a “micro rock burst.” The energy mechanism underlying this phenomenon is explained. An energy equation for fracture is derived, and a criterion is proposed such that, under laboratory conditions, the ejection (dynamic fracture) of individual rock sample fragments will not occur if the criterion is satisfied. The laboratory and theoretical studies show good agreement, indicating the high reliability of the theoretical results. The paper also provides recommendations for generalizing the obtained results to actual rock bursts in mining practice.
Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Atypical Endocervical Glandular Lesions
Glandular neoplasias of the endocervix represent a diagnostically complex spectrum of cervical pathology, which includes both benign reactive changes and precancerous glandular neoplasias. The overlap of morphological features between reactive atypia and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) can complicate routine histopathological interpretation, especially given the limited availability of biopsy material and the specificity of endocervical curettage. Immunohistochemical technology represents an important additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of atypical glandular lesions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical features of atypical endocervical glandular lesions and to determine the diagnostic utility of p16, p53, and Ki67 in differentiating benign/reactive glandular lesions from precancerous glandular lesions. A retrospective study included 63 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) endocervical glandular lesions obtained from archival material. The study cohort was divided into benign/reactive lesions (n=38) and precancerous/atypical glandular lesions (n=25). Immunohistochemical analysis of p16, p53, and Ki67 was performed using standardized protocols. Staining patterns and proliferative activity were assessed and correlated with histopathological data. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Benign/reactive lesions predominantly showed patchy or negative p16 staining patterns, wild-type p53 expression, and low proliferative activity, with Ki67 indices of 5% to 6%. In contrast, all precancerous lesions showed diffuse block-type p16 positivity and p53 overexpression. Ki67 proliferative activity was significantly increased in precancerous lesions, from 12% to 20% (p<0.001). The mean patient age was higher in precancerous lesions compared with benign/reactive lesions. HPV positivity was more frequently associated with precancerous lesions. Combined evaluation of p16, p53, and Ki67 revealed a clear immunophenotypic distinction between benign/reactive and precancerous glandular lesions.
History of Animal Husbandry in Georgia - Origins, Formation, Development from Prehistory to Modernity
Livestock husbandry represents one of the earliest and most enduring forms of economic activity among the Georgian people. Archaeological and paleoenvironmental evidence indicates that the domestication and systematic management of animals began in prehistoric times, with roots extending back to the Paleolithic period. Material evidence supporting early animal domestication has been recovered from numerous archaeological sites. From the Neolithic period onward, significant transformations in subsistence strategies are observed. Animals were increasingly employed as draft power, facilitating agricultural intensification. Cultic architecture was also enriched with animal symbolism, including bull-headed figurines and decorated altar elements, such as pillar capitals discovered at Khovle and related sites.The advancement of dairy husbandry is confirmed by the abundance and diversity of milk-processing and storage vessels, including churns and specialized containers. Notably, many later settlements were established on sites originally used as animal enclosures, suggesting long-term continuity in land use. Animal imagery is widely attested in the archaeological record. At the Brili burial ground (18th–14th centuries BC), sculptures depicting rams, dogs, snakes, riders, and horse-drawn chariots have been uncovered, alongside remains of woolen textiles. Bronze figurines representing shepherds and sheepdogs, as well as composite symbolic forms, reflect the cultural and ideological importance of pastoralism and nomadic traditions. Indigenous horse breeds of exceptional quality constituted valuable export commodities in antiquity.The distinctive characteristics of the Colchian sheep are reflected in one interpretative version of the myth of the Golden Fleece, linking animal husbandry with broader cultural and mythological narratives. Moreover, adaptive breeding practices in mountainous regions led to the formation of resilient cattle breeds capable of thriving in high-altitude environments, demonstrating early knowledge of selective breeding and environmental adaptation. In conclusion, this overview highlights the continuous and dynamic development of livestock husbandry in Georgia from the earliest stages of human civilization. The archaeological record illustrates not only the economic significance of livestock but also its profound cultural, symbolic, and technological roles, supported by long-standing traditions of animal care, feeding practices, and proto-veterinary knowledge.
Factors Influencing Humoral Immunity Post COVID-19 Vaccination in Georgia
COVID-19 vaccines have reduced severe disease and mortality worldwide. However, humoral immunity wanes over time, particularly against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (Andrews et al., 2022; Feikin et al., 2022). Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic infection declines from ~53% one month post-vaccination to 14% at six months, while protection against severe disease remains above 70% (Tartof et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2022). Hybrid immunity—vaccination with prior infection—provides stronger and more durable protection (Chemaitelly et al., 2023; Pilz et al., 2022). Demographic and clinical factors, including age, comorbidities, and immunosuppression, influence responses, while sex differences are minor (Goel et al., 2021; Griffin, 2023). Genetic factors, particularly Rhesus (Rh) status, may shape humoral responses (Alavi et al., 2023; Musa et al., 2023). In Georgia, plasma donor data confirmed vaccination, hybrid immunity, and Rh positivity as predictors of protective titers. These findings support universal vaccination, timely boosters, and targeted protection.
Clinical-morphological and Immunohistochemical Features Associated with Recurrence of Endometrioid Carcinomas of the Endometrium
Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the female reproductive system. Although low-grade endometrioid carcinomas are usually associated with a favorable prognosis, some patients develop local or distant recurrence. This fact indicates the need to evaluate additional clinical-morphological and immunophenotypic prognostic markers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical-morphological and immunohistochemical features associated with recurrence of low-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. The study was conducted on retrospective archival material. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) endometrial tumor tissues collected in 2018–2025 were used. Low-grade endometrioid carcinomas were selected for analysis and cases were divided into non-recurrent and recurrent groups. Clinico-morphological parameters were assessed, including FIGO stage, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion (LVSI), and disease-free survival (DFS). Immunohistochemical studies were performed using ER, PR, Ki67, and p53 markers. Digital analysis was performed using a whole-slide imaging system and QuPath/ImageJ software. The results of the study showed that recurrent carcinomas were more frequently associated with deep myometrial invasion, extensive LVSI, and short DFS. High ER and PR expression was maintained in the non-recurrent group, whereas reduced expression of hormone receptors was observed in recurrent tumors. The Ki67 proliferative index was significantly higher in recurrent cases. Aberrant expression of p53 was more frequently observed in tumors with an aggressive clinical course. Based on all of the above, we can conclude that recurrence of low-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinomas is associated with specific clinical-morphological and immunophenotypic changes, including deep invasion, LVSI, loss of hormone receptors, high proliferative activity, and aberrant expression of p53. A comprehensive assessment of these markers may contribute to a more accurate identification of high-risk patients.
Transforming engineering-focused STEM education to aligning current teaching practices with the “Industry 5.0” paradigm
In the context of the rapidly intensifying challenges facing the global economy, engineering-focused STEM education is increasingly recognized as a structural factor of strategic, state-level significance, - one capable of exerting a decisive influence on the formation of a nation's industrial dynamics, productivity trajectories, and pathways of technological development. Within the revolutionary paradigm of Industry 5.0, whose defining feature is the imperative of complementarity between humans and machines (the digital domain), the modernization and strategic alignment of engineering education with contemporary industrial realities emerge as a fundamental prerequisite for ensuring national competitiveness. Accordingly, this study presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of educational and human-capital policies in leading industrial economies that underpin industrial advancement, alignment with global market demands, and the capacity for adaptive governance. In particular, paper examines the current challenges of engineering-focused STEM workforce preparation within Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems, and substantiates the necessity of elevating cooperation between educational institutions and industrial enterprises to a new, more productive institutional level. Particular emphasis is placed on the transformation of university‑level engineering education, - specifically, on the rationale for its evolution from a neutral, academically autonomous subsystem into an instrument that actively supports national industrial and strategic development. To this end, the study recommends the integration of several key components into the educational process: the expansion of inclusive and diversified STEM pathways; the development of human capital equipped with digital and green technology competencies; the transformation of existing academic and laboratory infrastructures into applied R&D and innovation hubs; and the establishment and institutionalization of forward‑looking methodologies for anticipating shifts in engineering competency demands. Based on the foregoing, it has been concluded that the proposed modernized model of engineering-focused STEM education can serve as a crucial mechanism for virtually any country, acting not only as a guarantor of technological sovereignty and industrial autonomy, but also as a source of adaptive capabilities necessary for full integration into the emerging industrial landscape of “Industry 5.0.”
Synthesis and Research of Poly [methyl-3-(tetraacetyl mannoside) propyl] siloxane for use in industrial production
Biopolymer products have secured an important position in industrial technology due to their unique properties, including thermal stability, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors. This article discusses the synthesis and characterization of Poly [methyl-3- (tetraacetyl mannoside) propyl] siloxane (PMMaPS). The physicochemical characteristics and elemental analysis of the synthesized product were studied by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Ways to Improve the Quality of University Education
The rapid and large-scale changes occurring in the modern world require a deeper study of these processes and an operative response to them. The most important role in this, of course, is assigned to higher education institutions and, first of all, to universities. It is the structure of the latter that provides a wide space for the establishment of inter- and transdisciplinary connections between faculties and departments of a different profile, which is what scientists recommend today. Accordingly, the issue of improving the quality of teaching in universities becomes especially relevant. In the presented work, a number of questions in this direction are considered. Some of them are based on the successful practice of developed countries in the field of education. However, in most cases, the authors of the article recommend not to mechanically transfer successful foreign approaches to our space, but to adapt them to the existing situation in our country. In particular, to improve the quality of the educational process, taking into account local conditions, a certain modification of the above-mentioned approaches is offered. In some cases, qualitatively new approaches are also used. They are based on the experience of the authors of the article and most of the decisions made are implemented in the form of computer programs. In addition, opinions are expressed about how new requirements for the educational process in universities should be reflected in the development of educational programs, and what kinds of innovations should be given priority.
Correlations between Proliferative-apoptotic Activity of Breast Epithelial Tumours and Precancerous Conditions, Tumour “Buds” and Tumour-infiltrating Lymphocytes: a Retrospective Immunohistochemical Study
Breast carcinoma exhibits significant biological heterogeneity, characterised by marked differences in proliferative activity, apoptotic regulation, invasive potential, and immune microenvironment. Growing evidence suggests that the interplay among these factors significantly contributes to tumour progression and heterogeneous clinical behaviour. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between proliferative activity, expression of apoptotic markers, tumour “buds” and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in epithelial breast tumours and pre-tumour states. This retrospective study included benign, preinvasive, and invasive breast epithelial lesions diagnosed between 2018 and 2025. Histopathological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Immunohistochemical analysis included Ki67 as a proliferative marker and BCL2 as an anti-apoptotic marker. Tumour “grids” were assessed at the invasive front, and stromal TILs were assessed according to established international recommendations. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric methods for comparison and correlation. A total of 54 cases were included in the study, including benign/hyperplastic lesions, preinvasive lesions, and invasive breast carcinoma. Ki67 expression showed a progressive increase across the neoplastic spectrum, with the highest proliferative activity observed in invasive carcinomas and especially in triple-negative tumours (p < 0.001). Tumour “seeding” activity showed a strong positive correlation with Ki67 expression (rho = 0.949, p < 0.001), indicating a close relationship between proliferative activation and invasive remodelling. Stromal TIL density showed an inverse correlation with both Ki67 expression and tumour “budding” activity, indicating a relative suppression of the local immune response in highly aggressive tumours. BCL2 expression differed significantly between lesion groups (p < 0.001), although its association with recurrence was not statistically significant. Breast cancer progression is associated with coordinated changes in proliferative signalling, apoptotic regulation, invasive morphological remodelling, and stromal immune response. High Ki67 expression and tumour growth appear to be interrelated indicators of aggressive tumour behaviour, while decreased stromal TIL density may reflect progressive immune escape during tumour evolution. Integrated assessment of proliferative, apoptotic, and microenvironmental parameters may provide valuable additional information for the biological stratification of breast carcinoma.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B: The Role of Ultrasound in Surveillance
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide and continues to represent a major global public health burden. Although HCC most commonly develops in cirrhotic liver, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) possesses direct oncogenic potential and may result in HCC development even in non-cirrhotic patients. Early detection through surveillance is essential for improving prognosis and enabling potentially curative treatment. Ultrasound remains the primary imaging modality for HCC surveillance because of its accessibility, safety, repeatability, and cost-effectiveness. However, surveillance performance is strongly influenced by operator expertise, liver parenchymal characteristics, obesity, and visualization quality. Recent developments including the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) US Surveillance algorithm, visualization scoring systems, transient elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) have expanded the role of ultrasound in surveillance and lesion characterization. In addition, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence-assisted imaging analysis and radiomics may improve early tumor detection and individualized risk stratification in the future. This review summarizes current evidence regarding CHB-related HCC epidemiology, surveillance strategies, ultrasound-based imaging approaches, LI-RADS US Surveillance, CEUS applications, and future perspectives in personalized HCC surveillance.
Optimization of Stress Management Processes in an Engineering Company: A Practical Approach
The optimization of stress management processes in engineering companies represents an important direction for improving both employee well-being and organizational performance. In modern work environments, high levels of responsibility, time pressure, and complex operational tasks significantly increase emotional stress, which negatively affects productivity, decision-making, and communication within teams. As a result, there is a growing need for systematic approaches that integrate stress management into organizational processes. This study examines a process-oriented model of stress management based on the principles of business engineering and organizational psychology. The model emphasizes the structured integration of stress management into daily workflows, including the identification of stress factors, the implementation of targeted interventions, and the continuous monitoring of outcomes through key performance indicators (KPIs).Such an approach allows stress to be managed as an organizational variable rather than solely an individual concern. The research is based on practical observations and internal evaluation data from an engineering company. The findings indicate that the implementation of structured stress management processes led to a noticeable reduction in employees’ stress levels, increased engagement, and a decrease in operational errors. Furthermore, improvements were observed in communication quality, teamwork, and overall coordination of work processes, which contributed to enhanced organizational stability. The results highlight that stress should be considered a manageable and measurable organizational process. The application of KPI-based evaluation enables organizations to assess the effectiveness of interventions and make data-driven adjustments. This contributes to the development of a more adaptive and resilient work environment. In addition, the study underscores the importance of organizational culture, leadership support, and communication practices in maintaining a sustainable stress management system. These elements play a critical role in ensuring long-term effectiveness and employee involvement. In conclusion, the proposed model represents a practical and adaptable framework that can be applied across various organizational contexts. Its implementation supports both employee well-being and the improvement of organizational efficiency, making it a valuable tool for modern engineering companies operating in competitive environments.
Synovial Membrane Cellular-molecular Profile, Vascular Changes in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Possible Markers of Disease Progression and Individual Treatment
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. The synovial membrane represents the primary target tissue of the disease, where complex cellular and molecular alterations contribute to chronic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and structural damage. Recent advances have demonstrated that rheumatoid synovium is a highly heterogeneous microenvironment composed of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and multiple cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways. These interactions play a critical role in disease progression, angiogenesis, cartilage destruction, and variability in therapeutic response. Increasing attention has been directed toward the histological and immunohistochemical characterization of synovial tissue. Biomarkers such as CD64, CD68, CD163, VEGF, CXCL13, and ICAM-1 reflect inflammatory activity, macrophage polarization, angiogenic potential, and stromal remodeling within the synovial microenvironment. Moreover, distinct synovial histopathological phenotypes, including lymphoid, myeloid, pauci-immune, and fibroid patterns, may provide important prognostic and predictive information for individualized therapeutic strategies. The development of synovial biopsy techniques, digital pathology, and advanced molecular technologies has significantly expanded the potential of personalized rheumatology. Detailed evaluation of the cellular-molecular profile and vascular alterations of the synovial membrane may improve understanding of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and contribute to the identification of prognostic biomarkers and targeted therapeutic approaches.
Phenotypic Characteristics of Sinonasal Polyps and Papillomas, Factors of Recurrence and Progression
Sinonasal polyps and papillomas represent common pathological lesions of the upper respiratory tract which, despite their predominantly benign nature, are frequently associated with chronic progression, high recurrence rates, and in certain cases, malignant transformation potential. Sinonasal polyps are mainly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic and immunologic dysregulation, whereas sinonasal papillomas, particularly inverted papillomas, demonstrate locally aggressive behavior and an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma development. The aim of this critical review is to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics, histomorphological and molecular features, as well as the factors associated with recurrence and progression of sinonasal polyps and papillomas. The review discusses epidemiology, inflammatory microenvironment, cytokine and immunologic mechanisms, epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related processes, tissue remodeling, and the role of the microbiota. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV16, in the pathogenesis and malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas. This review also summarizes current evidence regarding molecular and immunohistochemical markers such as p16, EGFR, Ki67, VEGF, matrix metalloproteinases, and inflammatory cytokines, which may serve as valuable tools for disease prognostication, recurrence risk assessment, and the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. Analysis of the available literature demonstrates that the pathogenesis of sinonasal polyps and papillomas is multifactorial and heterogeneous, requiring further molecular and clinical investigations. Comprehensive evaluation of the phenotypic and molecular profiles of sinonasal lesions may improve early diagnosis, facilitate more accurate prediction of recurrence and malignant transformation, and contribute to the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
Establishing a System of Assessment Parameters for Marketing Department Employees
To achieve the goals of the organization, it is extremely important to have personnel with appropriate knowledge, experience and qualifications, since the success of the organization and its competitiveness in the market depend on their work. In order to select candidates and evaluate the work performed by employees, it is necessary to develop a relevant system of assessment parameters. This article discusses the development of a system of parameters important for an employee using the example of a marketing department, which, in turn, will be used as input parameters in an artificial neural network model. To determine the parameter system, at the first stage of the study, an analysis of scientific literature was carried out, as a result of which it was determined that technical and soft skills, as well as personal characteristics, can be taken into account when assessing employees/candidates. At the next stage, using one of the qualitative research methods - a focus group, experts in the field clarified and identified the categories of these skills and the parameters corresponding to each category. In the case of personal characteristics, specific characteristics included in them were named, for which the Big Five model was used. Ultimately, based on the research conducted and the results of the focus group, a fairly extensive list of evaluation parameters for a marketing department employee has been obtained, which combines job-specific sectoral skills, strategic/analytical competencies, leadership and interpersonal skills, as well as decision-making skills, and other categories, with relevant parameters.
Heterogeneity, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Risk Features of Malignant Progression in Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions
Conjunctival melanocytic lesions represent a heterogeneous group of benign, premalignant, and malignant entities, including conjunctival nevi, primary acquired melanosis (PAM), and conjunctival melanoma. These lesions demonstrate considerable variability in clinical behaviour, histopathological architecture, molecular profile, and malignant transformation potential. In modern ophthalmic pathology, increasing attention is directed toward identifying phenotypic and molecular indicators associated with progression, recurrence, and metastatic risk. This critical review aims to analyse the current classification, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, epidemiological aspects, and mechanisms of progression of conjunctival melanocytic lesions. The review discusses the normal histological structure of the conjunctiva, the biological role and distribution of melanocytes, and the diagnostic significance of markers such as S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A, Ki-67, and p53. Particular emphasis is placed on molecular alterations, including BRAF, NRAS, and KIT mutations, which are associated with malignant progression. Additionally, the review highlights the emerging role of artificial intelligence and digital pathology in diagnostic assessment, prognostic evaluation, and risk stratification. The importance of the tumor microenvironment, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), angiogenesis, and immune regulation in the biological behaviour of conjunctival melanoma is also discussed. The heterogeneity and rarity of conjunctival melanocytic lesions continue to create significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, necessitating interdisciplinary approaches and integration of modern molecular technologies. Further research in this field is essential for improving early diagnosis, individualised treatment strategies, and patient prognosis.
Study of the Surface Structure of Membranes and Correlation Analysis with the Conformational State of the Polymer
The paper presents a topographic study of the surface relief of the solidified phase of polymer composite membranes using scanning probe microscopy. The study was conducted using a high-resolution scanning probe and tunneling microscope, Certus Standart V, equipped with an NSG20-type cantilever, operating in non-contact mode. Tips with of radius of probe of 10 nm, 5 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, and 1 nm were used, enabling nanoscale structural analysis. Reducing the radius of the probe tip resulted in a consistent increase in spatial resolution, making it possible to perform detailed nanoscale structural characterization and to identify structural elements of different sizes and shapes. A correlation was identified between the conformational state of the polymer and the structural characteristics of the solidified phase. It was found that decreasing radius of probe enhances spatial resolution, which allows for more precise identification of nanostructural elements and inhomogeneities (heterogeneity).
Integrated Particle Size Classification and Baromembrane Filtration for Fouling Control in Natural Water Treatment
This article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies on the mechanisms of natural water contamination via nanofiltration under turbulent flow conditions. A particle size classifier for natural waters has been developed that effectively describes the composition of the water; based on this, appropriate baromembrane filtration processes can be selected to ensure the gradual removal of particles of various sizes. The particle size classifier for natural waters serves as a tool for elucidating the mechanisms of nanofiltration fouling. Filtration of natural waters and model solutions was conducted under turbulent flow conditions (Re > 4000) using a laboratory cross-flow module and polyamide membranes with varying selectivity. It was found that the particle size distribution (PSD) of the deposit formed on the membrane surface systematically changes with membrane selectivity. A membrane with 80% selectivity retained larger particles (d₅₀ ≈ 5–15 μm). A membrane with 96% selectivity retained smaller colloids (d₅₀ ≈ 0.5–2 μm), increasing the fraction of 10–500 nm particles. Direct nanofiltration of highly turbid solutions (FTU 10–50) leads to rapid membrane fouling and a significant reduction in flux (>70%). Therefore, it is recommended to perform preliminary micro- and ultrafiltration of highly turbid solutions, reducing turbidity to FTU 2, followed by nanofiltration, which ensures the production of sterile water from heavily contaminated natural water. It was found that as membrane selectivity increases, the particle size distribution (PSD) shifts toward smaller colloids (10–500 nm), leading to the formation of a more compact precipitate. The results confirm that the particle size classifier in natural waters is an effective tool for studying contamination mechanisms and optimizing nanofiltration systems.
Research on the Processes of Phase Inversion and Membrane Partitioning of Polymer of Different Compositions
The paper examines the process of obtaining 13% polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration membranes by phase inversion using DMF (dimethylformamide) as the solvent and PEG400 (polyethylene glycol) with different mass percentages as the additive. The intensity and IR spectra of particle sizes in the cast composite solutions have been studied. Inversion of the compositions has been carried out at 30℃ and 50℃. The influence of the coagulation bath temperature on the characteristics of membranes precipitated from solutions containing different amounts of PEG has been determined. Membranes have been tested. The surface morphology of the obtained membranes was also studied using a scanning probe microscope. Experimental studies have shown that membranes deposited at 50℃ from solutions of the same composition have higher performance and pore size than membranes deposited at 30℃. Binodal curves were constructed when the system was subjected to phase inversion at 30℃ and 50℃.
Using Modern Statistical Methods to Predict Peak Data for Pore Size Values
In this paper, a simple mathematical model is presented based on the changes in the pore size values ​​of new membranes obtained from different concentrations of polymer systems PMIA/DMF/LiCl/PEG. Using modern statistical methods of organizing and planning experiments, a two-factor mathematical design is developed to predict the morphology of the membranes. The phase binodal diagrams of the PMIA/DMF/LiCl/PEG casting solutions were also studied. The physicochemical characteristics and surface morphology of the obtained new membranes were characterized using scanning probe microscopy.
Search and Analysis of Local and International Patent Works for the Nanofiltration Process of Grape-based Alcoholic Beverage - Georgian Chacha - under Conditions of Variable Temperature and Viscosity
Analysis of local and international patents related to the nanofiltration process of grape-based alcoholic beverage - Georgian Chacha - under conditions of variable temperature and viscosity determines the consideration of technologies, technical means, basic technical level and prototypes created by local and international researchers for the ongoing scientific research work at the institute.
Search and Analysis of Local and International Patent Works Related to the Nanofiltration Process of Grape-derived Alcoholic Beverage - Brandy - under Conditions of Variable Temperature and Viscosity
The local and international patented works discussed in the paper reflect the current global state of development and sector-specific features of microfiltration process methods used in the production of grape-derived alcoholic beverage—brandy—and determine the relevant priorities for ongoing scientific research at the institute.
Microbial Diversity and Biofouling Characteristics of Deposits Recovered from Membrane Filtration Systems in Wine and Water Treatment
The research concerns the microbiological and morphological characteristics of deposits accumulated on membrane filters after the filtration of wine material, drinking water, and wastewater. The aim of the study was to evaluate signs of microbial contamination and biofouling associated with membrane filtration processes. Samples collected from membrane surfaces were examined using the crushed drop (“hanging drop”) microscopic method combined with optical microscopy at ×400 magnification. The results of the study showed significant differences in the microbial composition of the filtered samples. The wine material was dominated by yeast cells, primarily oval-shaped Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which frequently formed aggregates and were associated with the fermentation process. No biological contamination was observed in the drinking water samples, indicating effective water purification and microbiological safety. Wastewater samples showed high microbial load, diverse bacterial morphology, activated sludge flocs, and biofilm-associated aggregates, indicating degree of membrane biofouling. The study confirmed that the sediments accumulated on the membranes contain a variety of microbial organisms that may negatively affect the filtration efficiency and operational stability of the system. The results obtained emphasize the importance of microbiological monitoring in membrane filtration systems for optimizing the filtration process, reducing biofouling, and ensuring the long-term effective functioning of wine and water treatment technologies.
The Meaning of Thoracic Sonography in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Congestion due to Heart Failure
Goal: Pulmonary congestion is useful marker of decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF). The goal of the study was to evaluate the changes of pulmonary sonogram in patients with heart failure. Methods: We studied 215 patients with heart diseases who had different grade CHF and X-ray signs of pulmonary congestion (I group) and 74 normal persons and patients with heart diseased who had no signs of heart failure (II group). Sonographic evaluation of a lung was done in horizontal and vertical positions of patient, from 12 points of thoracic wall which corresponded to the projection of lower, middle and upper lobes of a right lung and upper and lower lobes of left lung. Results: In patients with CHF we significantly often found the one of the sorts of reverberation phenomenon - “Comet tail Phenomenon” (CTP) (96,3% versus 34,2%, p<,0,001). In HF group CTP was registered from 6 or more points in 91,6% of patients. In control group it was registered from 3 or less points in 97,3% of patients. If wee take registration of a CTP from 4 and more points as a reference value the sensitivity of symptom in diagnosing of CHF is 0,94, specifyty – 0,97, accuracy – 0,95. There was good correlation between the count of CTP registration points from the thoracic wall and the heart failure NYHA class (r=0.56. In CHF group CTP was prominent, protracted and multiple while in the II group it was single and short lasting. Conclusion: Thoracic US is sensitive and accurate method for evaluation pulmonary congestion in patients with CHF. The US sign of pulmonary congestion in HF is a “Comet tail phenomenon”, which is protracted, prominent, multiple and registered from larger area of thoracic wall (4 points or more).
Heterogeneity of Colorectal Dysplastic Polyps and Adenocarcinomas: The Relationship Between Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Tumor Buds, Features of Progression and Prognosis
Colorectal cancer remains one of the most common and clinically significant malignancies worldwide, characterized by complex molecular, histopathological, and immunological mechanisms underlying tumor initiation and progression. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence, accompanied by progressive genetic and epigenetic alterations, represents the principal pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence highlights the substantial heterogeneity of colorectal dysplastic polyps and adenocarcinomas, which significantly influences tumor behavior, metastatic potential, therapeutic response, and patient prognosis. This critical literature review summarizes contemporary data regarding the pathogenesis, classification, molecular characteristics, and prognostic biomarkers of colorectal dysplastic polyps and adenocarcinomas. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor buds, which are increasingly recognized as key indicators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune evasion, invasive potential, and tumor aggressiveness. The review discusses major molecular pathways and biomarkers involved in colorectal tumorigenesis, including APC, KRAS, TP53, BRAF, microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), E-cadherin, β-catenin, Ki-67, Bcl-2, VEGF, and CD163. Furthermore, the manuscript evaluates the clinical significance of integrating TNM staging, Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMS), and immunoscore systems into modern personalized oncology approaches. Current evidence suggests that assessment of TILs and tumor budding may serve as valuable prognostic and predictive biomarkers, contributing to improved risk stratification and individualized therapeutic decision-making in colorectal cancer patients.
Melatonin Receptor Expression in Colorectal Polyps: Associations with Proliferative-Apoptotic Activity, Hormone Receptor Expression, and Stem Cell Characteristics
Colorectal polyps represent a heterogeneous group of lesions ranging from benign proliferations to precancerous conditions with significant malignant potential. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the role of melatonin and its receptors (MT1 and MT2) in the regulation of tumorigenesis. Melatonin receptors are involved in the control of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, immune responses, and stem-cell-related pathways, making them promising biomarkers in colorectal neoplasia. The aim of this critical literature review is to evaluate current evidence regarding melatonin receptor expression in dysplastic and non-dysplastic colorectal polyps and to explore its relationship with dysplasia grade, proliferative-apoptotic activity, hormone receptor expression, and stem cell characteristics. The review discusses the biological functions of MT1 and MT2 receptors, their involvement in major signalling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK/ERK, and their potential contribution to colorectal tumor initiation and progression. Available evidence suggests that reduced melatonin receptor expression may be associated with dysplastic progression, increased cellular proliferation, impaired apoptosis, and a more aggressive biological phenotype. Furthermore, melatonin signalling appears to interact with hormonal regulatory mechanisms and stem-cell-associated pathways, highlighting its potential role in colorectal carcinogenesis. A better understanding of melatonin receptor biology may contribute to the identification of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and support the development of personalised therapeutic strategies for patients with colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer.
Distribution Patterns of Melatonin Receptors in Different Histological Types of Breast Cancer and Precancerous Breast Lesions
Melatonin is a multifunctional hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, antioxidant defense, immune modulation, and antitumor activity. Increasing evidence suggests that melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) play a significant role in breast cancer biology, influencing tumor progression, hormonal regulation, and therapeutic responsiveness. Available evidence indicates that MT1 and MT2 receptors are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastatic processes. Melatonin receptor expression is generally higher in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, particularly luminal subtypes, whereas triple-negative breast cancers frequently demonstrate reduced receptor expression. Melatonin signaling is associated with suppression of estrogen receptor activity, reduction of oxidative stress, and inhibition of tumor progression. Furthermore, melatonin receptors have been identified in atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ, suggesting their potential value as prognostic biomarkers during early breast carcinogenesis. Melatonin receptors represent promising biological and clinical targets in breast cancer and precancerous breast lesions. Assessment of their expression may improve prognostic stratification, facilitate personalized therapeutic approaches, and contribute to a better understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Quantum Systems and the Significance of Quality Control
The study of quantum systems represents one of the most important directions in modern Quantum Physics. Based on the principles of quantum mechanics, it is possible to conduct an in-depth investigation of microscopic processes, particle interactions, and quantum states. The detailed analysis of quantum systems relies on the application of fundamental concepts such as the Hamiltonian, wave function, fidelity function, and quantum evolution operators. These methods make it possible to determine the energy states, dynamics, and temporal evolution of a system. In the detailed analysis of quantum systems, quality control is of particular importance because quantum systems are highly sensitive to external influences and noise. Quality control includes the evaluation of the accuracy, stability, and fidelity of quantum states, which is essential for ensuring the efficiency of quantum operations and the reliable transmission of information. This paper discusses the main theoretical and practical aspects of quantum system analysis, the role of the Hamiltonian and fidelity function in the evaluation of quantum states, as well as quality control mechanisms. The paper also examines the significance of detailed quantum system analysis and quality control in modern quantum technologies. Special attention is paid to quantum testing and quantum-level scanning devices used for monitoring qubit states, determining energy levels, and optimizing quantum systems. Fundamental principles of quantum physics — superposition, quantum entanglement, and energy discreteness — are also discussed. The paper presents the application of the density matrix, fidelity function, and Hamiltonian in the analysis of quantum states. In addition, spectroscopic methods, sensors based on Josephson Junction technology, and the control problems of multi-qubit systems are examined. Particular attention is devoted to reducing decoherence, noise, and temperature instability. The study demonstrates that quantum testing and scanning systems play a significant role in the development of quantum computers, quantum communication technologies, and advanced sensing systems.
Features of Immunohistochemical Expression of Melatonin MT1 Receptor in Epithelial Ovarian Tumors
Melatonin exerts multiple biological effects through its membrane receptors, particularly Melatonin Receptor 1 (MT1), which has been implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and tumour progression. However, the expression profile of MT1 in ovarian epithelial tumours remains insufficiently characterised. To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of MT1 in ovarian epithelial tumors and evaluate its distribution across different histological subtypes and stages of tumor progression. A retrospective immunohistochemical study was performed on ovarian epithelial tissue specimens representing normal ovarian surface epithelium, benign serous cystadenoma, serous borderline tumour, low-grade serous carcinoma, high-grade serous carcinoma, and endometrioid carcinoma. MT1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and quantified by H-score methodology based on staining intensity and the percentage of positive tumour cells. MT1 expression was detected in all examined groups but demonstrated substantial heterogeneity among histological subtypes. Normal ovarian epithelium showed low expression, while benign serous cystadenomas and serous borderline tumours demonstrated moderate expression. The highest MT1 expression was observed in high-grade serous carcinoma, whereas endometrioid carcinoma exhibited the lowest expression levels. MT1 expression was therefore not associated with a gradual decrease during malignant transformation but rather displayed a subtype-specific distribution pattern. MT1 expression in ovarian epithelial tumours is characterised by significant histological heterogeneity. High-grade serous carcinoma demonstrates marked MT1 overexpression compared with other epithelial ovarian tumour subtypes. These findings suggest that MT1 may be associated with subtype-specific biological mechanisms rather than serving as a simple marker of tumour progression.