Georgian Scientists
type: channel
description: The Journal "Georgian Scientists" publishes a collection of works by Georgian scholars. It offers broad interdisciplinary coverage across various fields, including business, humanities, social science, science, technology and medicine. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/gs e-ISSN: 2667-9760 CiteFactor IF - 0.62 (2020-21) OAJIF IF - 0.95 (2025) SJIF IF - 5.79 (2023) ISI IF - 1.059 (2023-2024) Google Scholar IF - 0.5 (2023-2024)
publisher: Association Sor Science
language: en-US
publication name: Georgian Scientists
issn: 2667-9760
items: THE SCIENTIFIC TALKS OF MANIFESTATION OF EXOSOMES AND SMALL PARTICLE-BASED THERAPEUTICS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC NANOCARRIERS
items: THE SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUE ASPECTS OF EXPANDING ROLE OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION SPECIALISTS IN MODERN MEDICINE, CLINICAL PRACTICE AND HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN GENERAL
items: https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/article/view/4134
items: Philosophical Origins of Cryptography
items: CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF MINI KIWI (Actinidia arguta Planch.) CULTIVARS IN GEORGIA
items: Molecular Heterogeneity of Melanocytic Hyperplasias, Melanocytic Moles (nevi), Markers of Recurrence and Progression
items: Analysis of Fire Development of Different Intensity in a Road Tunnel Using Numerical Simulation
items: Some Considerations on Universal Research Methods in the Field of Occupational Safety
items: Aortic Intima-media Myxoid Degeneration IMMD - A Rare Case Report
items: Features of Melatonin Receptor Expression in Epithelial Ovarian Tumors
items: Psychoanalysis of Corruption
items: On The Procedural Enhancement of Architectural Management Processes in Georgia
items: Fractional Composition of Melanoidin Pigment
items: Why Georgia Struggles to Attract High-Spending Tourists: An Empirical Analysis of Market Readiness and Structural Barriers
items: The Main Trends, Goals and Objectives of the Formation and Reform of Georgian Law on Entrepreneurs
items: The History of the Development of Herbalism: From Shamanism to Scientific Medicine
items: Logistics Process Management Using Artificial Intelligence Optimization
items: BIOINFORMATICS APPROACHES FOR MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT: INTEGRATING PROTEOMICS, EXOSOMES AND IMMUNE SIGNALING
items: Sociological Thinking and Sociological Imagination According to Charles Wright Mills
items: Pharmaco-botanical Study of Some Halophytic Plants of Georgia
items: Invisible Editors: Impact of AI on Media Content Quality and Trust
items: Analysis of Local and International Patents for the Microfiltration Process of Various Types of Red Wine Materials
items: Some Issues in Membrane Pore Size Research
items: Colloidal-chemical Study of Sediment Formed Natural Water on a Microfiltration Membrane
items: Microbiological Analysis of Wastewater, Fruit Juices, Determination of Microbial Sizes, Diagnostics and Filtration of Microorganisms
items: Investigation of Optimal Mode Parameters of Nanofiltration Separation Process
items: Methods for Staining Microbial Capsules and Spores in the Microbiological Study of Rkatsiteli Wine Materials and Fruit Juices
items: Effect of Phase Inversion Temperature on the Formation and Performance of PES/DMF/PVP Polyethersulfone Membranes
items: Preparation and Study of Membranes for the Microfiltration Process of Sterilization of Black Grape Wine Material
items: Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Nanofiltration Separation Process under Laminar Flow Conditions
items: Challenges and Opportunities for Ensuring Environmental Protection Requirements
items: Possibilities of Using Fiber-optic Sensors in Train Movement Control Systems
items: DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPOSITORIES CONTAINING SEA BUCKTHORN OIL AND THYMOL
items: A Narrative Review of the Diagnostic Performance of Non-Invasive Scores for Predicting Fibrosis in MAFLD
items: Evaluation of Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging Progression and Prognostic Outcomes in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia
items: Localization of Water-related Toponyms and Hydronyms in the Speech of the Prone Valley
items: Key Challenges in AI-Powered Translation in the Context of the Georgian Language
items: The Critical Role of Investment Banks in the Sustainable Growth of Emerging Economies: the Case of Georgia
items: Peculiarities of Changes in the Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Index of the Osteochondral Component and Synovial Membrane of the Hip Joint during Coxarthrosis

THE SCIENTIFIC TALKS OF MANIFESTATION OF EXOSOMES AND SMALL PARTICLE-BASED THERAPEUTICS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC NANOCARRIERS
type: item
description: Exosomes and other small particles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-mimetics, have emerged as central players in the development of next-generation therapeutics. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles of endosomal origin secreted by nearly all cell types, playing a critical role in cell–cell communication through their unique cargo of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Liposomes, in contrast, are synthetic lipid vesicles that have been successfully used in clinical practice for decades as drug carriers. A comparative assessment of these natural and synthetic nanocarriers highlights differences in biogenesis, composition, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, scalability, and translational potential. Exosomes offer the advantage of natural biocompatibility and intrinsic targeting abilities, while liposomes and other engineered nanoparticles provide reproducibility, stability, and regulatory precedent. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of exosomes, liposomes, and other nanoparticle systems, exploring their structural and functional properties, therapeutic applications across multiple disease domains, and the challenges that must be overcome for clinical translation.
creator: Nodar Sulashvili
creator: Valentyna Khusseyn
creator: Dalal Hussin
creator: Luiza Gabunia
creator: Nana Gorgaslidze
creator: Marika Sulashvili
creator: Marina Giorgobiani
creator: Irine Zarnadze
creator: Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze
creator: David Aphkhazava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-04
publication date: 2025-10-04
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 1
ending page: 27
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.01

THE SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUE ASPECTS OF EXPANDING ROLE OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION SPECIALISTS IN MODERN MEDICINE, CLINICAL PRACTICE AND HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN GENERAL
type: item
description: The contemporary landscape of healthcare is undergoing profound transformations, and within this shifting paradigm the discipline of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) has steadily emerged as an indispensable cornerstone of comprehensive, patient-centered medical care. The scientific discussion surrounding the expanding role of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists emphasizes not only their established contributions in restoring functional capacity and enhancing quality of life, but also their increasingly recognized involvement in integrative, preventive, and multidisciplinary approaches that address the complex interplay between acute disease management, chronic conditions, long-term disability, and population health outcomes. Historically, the field of PM&R was primarily confined to the management of musculoskeletal and neurological impairments, trauma recovery, and disability-related conditions. However, the scope of practice has broadened significantly in recent decades, extending into domains of evidence-based pain management, neurorehabilitation, oncological rehabilitation, sports medicine, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, geriatric rehabilitation, and even novel areas such as regenerative medicine, robotics-assisted recovery, and digital therapeutics. This expansion reflects not only scientific advances but also systemic imperatives to improve functionality, decrease hospitalization rates, minimize healthcare costs, and foster reintegration of patients into their communities and workplaces. The growing relevance of rehabilitation specialists is also framed within the context of global demographic changes. With aging populations, rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and increased survival following critical illnesses and injuries, the healthcare system faces unprecedented demand for specialized expertise in recovery, adaptation, and maintenance of independence. Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists serve as key coordin…
creator: Nodar Sulashvili
creator: Valentyna Khusseyn
creator: Dalal Hussin
creator: Luiza Gabunia
creator: Nana Gorgaslidze
creator: Marika Sulashvili
creator: Marina Giorgobiani
creator: Irine Zarnadze
creator: Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze
creator: David Aphkhazava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-04
publication date: 2025-10-04
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 28
ending page: 58
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.02

https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/article/view/4134
type: item
title: PERSPECTIVES ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, ROLE AND ITS IMPACT IN ENHANCING ON EDUCATION MOBILITY, SOCIO-CULTURAL, INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATION AND MEDICAL LABOR MARKET INTEGRATION IN EUROPE AND WORLDWIDE IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATIONAL GLOBALIZATION
description: The acquisition and utilization of the English language have emerged as central drivers of educational, professional, and socio-cultural integration in the context of globalization. English serves not only as a medium of communication but also as a strategic tool that enables individuals and institutions to navigate the increasingly interconnected global landscape. In Europe and worldwide, the role of English in facilitating mobility, enhancing access to quality education, and promoting labor market integration—particularly in the medical and healthcare sectors—has become increasingly pronounced. This study examines the multifaceted impact of English language acquisition on education, socio-cultural cohesion, institutional collaboration, and medical labor market integration, emphasizing how linguistic competence bridges diversity and fosters unity within globalized frameworks. Educational mobility across Europe is strongly linked to English proficiency. Programs such as Erasmus+, the Bologna Process, and other international exchange initiatives rely on English as the lingua franca to enable cross-border student and faculty mobility. English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education facilitates access to international curricula, research collaboration, and professional development, ensuring that students and graduates can meet global standards of competence. Furthermore, the availability of English-based learning resources, scientific literature, and online educational platforms reduces barriers to knowledge acquisition and fosters equitable participation in international academic discourse. By standardizing communication, English enhances both academic performance and intercultural understanding, thus serving as a unifying factor among linguistically diverse populations. Socio-cultural integration is another domain profoundly influenced by English. In multicultural learning and working environments, English provides a shared framework for interaction, enabling co…
creator: Nodar Sulashvili
creator: Valentyna Khusseyn
creator: Dalal Hussin
creator: Luiza Gabunia
creator: Nana Gorgaslidze
creator: Marika Sulashvili
creator: Marina Giorgobiani
creator: Irine Zarnadze
creator: Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze
creator: David Aphkhazava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-04
publication date: 2025-10-04
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 59
ending page: 96
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.03

Philosophical Origins of Cryptography
type: item
description: Cryptography is a powerful philosophical doctrine that shows the greatest connection in the most difficult process of cognition of the periods covered by the fog of human history. In the historical process of the formation and development of the above-mentioned direction, the Jews, the British and the civilizations of the Far East played an immeasurable role. Jewish thinkers, possessing great wisdom, created a unique system of cryptography, which had a great influence on the most difficult process of the formation and development of the worldview of the nations of the world. The merit of the Jewish people to humanity is special and indescribable. There is a Jewish Kabbalah - a very complex philosophical system, which is based on 75 complex algorithms. The word Kabbalah itself was one of the first to be used by the great Jewish thinker Solomon-ibn-Gebiro. The works of Yitzhak-Lur Ashkenazi played a huge role in the development of the above-mentioned teachings. Jewish culture contains great wisdom, which is confirmed by historical and philosophical research. Jewish thinkers created a unique cryptosophical concept that skillfully combines philosophical paradigms and the most complex concepts. The British played a huge role in the creation of this direction, who formed a unique mythosophical system, which is confirmed by the activation of historical and philosophical research. British cryptosophical culture can rightly be considered the best astrosophical example in Europe. British philosophy is based on the worldview principle of freedom and dogmatic balancing, which facilitates cultural progress and plays a huge role in the most difficult, truly supra-epochal process of the multifaceted development of world civilization. Indians, Chinese and Japanese create original systems, which is reflected in the speed of development of cryptosophical thinking in the Far East. The above-mentioned ethnogenetic connections appear to us as the guardians of an intellectual treasure of…
creator: Leonid-Luka Kazanji
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-18
publication date: 2025-10-18
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 97
ending page: 107
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.04

CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF MINI KIWI (Actinidia arguta Planch.) CULTIVARS IN GEORGIA
type: item
description: Well known, that The current ultimate process of climate change intensifies, the demand for adaptable fruit species has become increasingly urgent. Actinidia arguta (commonly known as mini kiwi or baby kiwi or hardy kiwi) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its notable frost tolerance, smooth, edible skin that enhances consumer appeal, high nutritional value, and strong agro-ecological adaptability. All features combined with growing market interest, position mini kiwi as a quite interesting option for diversifying fruit production in climate-sensitive regions across the world. This study aims was to evaluate the biological and agronomic performance of mini kiwi (Actinidia arguta) 4 introduced cultivars—Weiki, Ken’s Red, Issai, and Jumbo—under Georgian agro-climatic conditions, with the objective of identifying varieties suitable for local cultivation and climate-resilient fruit production in Georgia. Field and laboratory trials were conducted 2019 -2023 years in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of Georgia, on the experimental station Jigaura (SRCA) a representative area within the country’s principal fruit-growing zone. The main phenological parameters—including bud break, flowering stages, fruit harvesting amd leaf fall periods—were systematically recorded throughout the study. Comprehensive assessment of pomological traits was carried out, regarding of fruit size, weight, and other organoleptic characteristics, alongside comercial yield components. Additionally, biochemical analyses were performed to quantify total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) , and vitamin C (ascorbic acids) content , providing an integrated evaluation of fruit quality and pomological characteristics.
creator: Elene Maghlakelidze
creator: Zviad Bobokashvili
creator: Larisa Andronic
creator: Tatiana Calugaru-Spataru
creator: Svetlana Smerea
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 108
ending page: 125
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.05

Molecular Heterogeneity of Melanocytic Hyperplasias, Melanocytic Moles (nevi), Markers of Recurrence and Progression
type: item
description: Melanocytic hyperplasias and nevi represent a heterogeneous spectrum of neural crest–derived lesions encompassing benign, atypical, and potentially progressive entities. Their biological behavior is largely determined by cytologic atypia, immunophenotypic variability, and underlying molecular alterations. A subset of nevi may act as precursor lesions in melanoma development, with progression risk influenced by MAPK pathway mutations (BRAF, NRAS) and immune microenvironmental dysregulation. This critical review summarizes the morphologic and immunohistochemical heterogeneity of melanocytic nevi, emphasizing biomarkers associated with recurrence and progression. Our ongoing research focuses on the comparative immunohistochemical profiling of melanocytic hyperplasias and atypical nevi using key markers (Ki-67, P53, BCL-2, SOX10, CD44, FOXP3) to define diagnostic and prognostic patterns. Such integrative analysis aims to refine early diagnostic criteria and improve preventive strategies for melanoma progression.
creator: Khatuna Nodia
creator: Tamar Saladze
creator: George Burkadze
creator: Shota Kepuladze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 126
ending page: 145
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.06

Analysis of Fire Development of Different Intensity in a Road Tunnel Using Numerical Simulation
type: item
description: It is known that in road tunnels equipped with longitudinal ventilation system, backlayering frequently occurs during the initiation and development of fires. This means that the ventilation airflow does not exert sufficient impact on the buoyant forces generated by the fire. As a result, a tunnel is intensively filled with smoke and other toxic combustion products, creating an environment incompatible with human survival and hazardous for human life. An organized and immediate self-evacuation is considered to be the only effective means to rescue people under such conditions. The time period for an effective self-evacuation is significantly dependent on the fire development in enclosed spaces, and the propagation dynamics of dangerous factors. In order to determine this, we have conducted a numerical modeling of 10, 30, 50 MW heat release intensity fire within the FDS program. The Finite Volume Method was applied. A 500-m-long tunnel was selected, with the cross-sectional area of 40-42 m2. The minimum size of the finite volume outline - 0,25X0,25X0,25 m, maximum - 0,5 X 0,5 X 0,5 m, modeling duration – 190 sec., the fire source, with an area of 10–15 m², is located at the center of the tunnel. The modeling was carried out using four types of fuel: petrol, diesel, kerosene, and log wood. The thesis underlines that the dynamic pressure induced by a severe fire significantly exceeds the static pressure of the tunnel jet fans. Hence, after the algebraic summation of the positively directed ventilation flows and the negatively directed flows caused by the fire, intense backlayering occurs, which must be taken into account when implementing emergency ventilation projects. The numerical modeling revealed the dynamics of the spread of hazardous factors features, which significantly impact the evacuation duration and the structural stability of tunnels. The dynamics of the spread of the critical temperature of 60°C, as one of the hazardous factors, were determined, along wi…
creator: Zaza Khokerashvili
creator: Nino Ratiani
creator: Nino Arudashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 146
ending page: 154
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.07

Some Considerations on Universal Research Methods in the Field of Occupational Safety
type: item
description: This study underscores the strategic importance of occupational safety research within contemporary organizational frameworks. The principal objective is to establish a methodological architecture capable of systematically assessing risks across diverse professional domains. The author emphasizes that effective risk management is essential not only for personnel protection but also for safeguarding infrastructure and the surrounding environment. The paper provides rigorous definitions and contextual analyses of key terms, including hazard, risk, safety, occupational safety, risk assessment, and risk management. Each concept is examined through both theoretical and applied lenses, thereby laying a robust foundation for subsequent methodological exploration. The research delineates three primary categories of investigative approaches: Quantitative Methods: Encompassing statistical analysis, structured surveys, questionnaires, and environmental monitoring. These techniques facilitate the evaluation of incident frequency, risk prevalence, and the efficacy of safety policies. Qualitative Methods: Concentrating on human behavior, organizational culture, and psychosocial dynamics. Methods include in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observational studies, and case-based analysis. Mixed Methods: Integrating quantitative and qualitative paradigms to enhance analytical depth and methodological comprehensiveness. The study accords significant attention to scientific analysis and synthesis as foundational instruments of inquiry. Analytical reasoning enables the decomposition of complex phenomena into constituent elements, while synthesis fosters the integration of empirical findings into coherent theoretical constructs. These processes underpin both the diagnostic and prescriptive dimensions of occupational safety research. Drawing on case studies from healthcare and mining sectors, the paper presents a typology of occupational risks—physical, chemical, biological, psy…
creator: Omar Lanchava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 155
ending page: 172
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.08

Aortic Intima-media Myxoid Degeneration IMMD - A Rare Case Report
type: item
description: Introduction: Aortic intima-media myxoid (IMMD) degeneration, often leading to valve insufficient by myxomatous tissue, is also known as aortic mucoid degeneration which also Leeds “cystic medial degeneration” involving the accumulation of mucin within the medial layer of the aorta, both are rare vascular disease characterized by the degenerative process in different layers of the arterial wall, which leads to formation of aneurysms at the damaged side. Patients with myxoid degeneration often have aneurysms at any location in the artery and postoperative bleedings are also common. Case report: We describe three cases of material obtained by the cardio surgical method. Histopathological diagnosis: idiopathic aortic intima-media myxoid degeneration. Clinical cases reports are also provided, since such a pathology has not been described in the literature available to us. Discussion: Acute decompensated heart failure may be caused by intima-media myxoid degeneration of the aorta. Aneurysms are common. Surgical treatment may be complicated by intra and postoperative bleeding, which requires caution during surgical intervention and specific postoperative management.
creator: Tamar Saladze
creator: Omar Khardzeishvili
creator: Gigi Gorgadze
creator: Nutsa Tsagareli
creator: Anna Bzishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 173
ending page: 179
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.09

Features of Melatonin Receptor Expression in Epithelial Ovarian Tumors
type: item
description: Melatonin, a key regulator of circadian rhythms, exhibits pleiotropic biological effects, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. Recent studies highlight its potential role in hormone-dependent malignancies, particularly epithelial ovarian carcinomas, where its receptor system (MT1, MT2) may exert significant oncostatic influence. This critical review synthesizes current evidence on melatonin’s molecular and cellular functions, emphasizing its regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. The review identifies key methodological limitations in existing studies and underscores the need for comprehensive, integrated analyses based on human tissue samples.
creator: Nino Imerlishvili
creator: Zaza Bokhua
creator: Giorgi Burkadze
creator: Shota Kepuladze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 180
ending page: 200
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.10

Psychoanalysis of Corruption
type: item
description: Corruption is fueled by the most fundamental principle of living nature - “getting more with less effort”. This principle is applied moderately with animals, while with humans it is easily overdone, which takes the form of a crime. Such activities require control even in educational institutions, where autonomy operates and the degree of freedom of their activities is increased. The situation can be corrected by establishing controlled autonomy so that autonomy is not used for corrupt purposes. The following forms of corruption are worth noting: 1) discriminatory corruption, which is manifested in the dismissal of academic staff aged 65+. Universities suffer great damage due to the loss of valuable experience due to the dismissal of these staff; 2) competitive corruption, when experienced academic staff are left without a job as a result of biased competitions and their salaries are used for personal interests; 3) Contractual corruption, when a fixed-term employment contract is fraudulently concluded with academic staff and after the expiration of this term they are dismissed from their jobs as strangers, despite the deterioration of their situation. All three of these forms of corruption in higher education institutions should be prohibited due to their criminal nature (embezzlement of staff salaries), promotion of the moral degradation of staff, and the characteristic of sharply worsening the rating and other indicators (including finances) of the higher education institution.
creator: Giorgi Goroshidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 201
ending page: 222
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.11

On The Procedural Enhancement of Architectural Management Processes in Georgia
type: item
description: This paper explores architectural design processes through the Systems Engineering V-Model, critically examining practices within Georgia’s construction sector. The study focuses on challenges typical of transitional economies, where weak coordination and fragmented processes result in systemic inefficiencies. Decision-making authority is often concentrated in the hands of capital owners, while developers, architects, regulators, and suppliers are seldom integrated as parts of a unified process. Consequently, collaboration frequently relies on personal trust rather than structured systems. Georgia’s construction industry exemplifies these tendencies, marked by a weak client/developer institution, bureaucratic barriers, and skill shortages. Under such conditions, attention is typically directed toward the final product, with limited focus on production and organizational processes. A Central Focus Of The Paper Is The Architect’s Evolving Role — Understood Not Merely As A Designer, But As A Systems Integrator Responsible For Managing Interdisciplinary Interactions And Organizing The Design Process Efficiently. Methodologically, the study employs qualitative analysis, combining literature review, case studies, and semi-structured interviews with architects. Comparative sampling aligns theoretical models with real-world practices. The Systems Engineering approach, highlights the sequence and interdependence of design stages. Ultimately, the research establishes an integrated framework linking theory and practice, offering insights for academia, industry, and policy development in Georgia’s construction sector. The Study Seeks To Answer Two Main Questions: How does the design process operate according to the current practices in Georgia? And How can Systems Engineering approaches be applied to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the design process in Georgia? The findings reveal that in the contemporary context, the architect’s role extends beyond authorship — th…
creator: Pavle Sakhanberidze
creator: Tinatin Chigogidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-12
publication date: 2025-11-12
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 223
ending page: 240
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.12

Fractional Composition of Melanoidin Pigment
type: item
description: Melanoidin complex formed as a result of interaction between protein amino acids and sugars consists not only of high-molecular compounds, but its important colored part is relatively low-molecular. Based on the example of interaction between glycine labeled preparations and D-glucose, we set a goal of study the regularities of glycine carbon atoms inclusion into melanoidin polymers. Carbon atoms of amino acid carboxyl group are quite actively included into melanoidin pigment composition and presumably, this occurs by means of products formed resulting from Amadori rearrangement. In this regard, interesting results have been obtained resulting from study of polymeric products of Maillard reaction going between D-glucose and 1-alanine. Results of element analysis of polymers obtained by us (>3500 Daltons) show that CN ratio, as one of the main parameters of these polymers, is smaller for products formed at pH8,0, than those formed at pH 5,8. Such regularity, when CN ratio of melanoidin polymers decreases with increase of pH, is described for products of alanine and glucose interactions. At that, resulting from autoradiographic analysis of acidic hydrolysates of the mentioned melanoidin polymers, there was no free radioactive glycine found in these hydrolysates. Thus, glycine is included into polymer composition not in the form of united molecular chain, but as a molecule fragment. Based on these data one may conclude that roughly 65% of methylene carbon and approx. 14% of carboxyl carbon of glycine molecule are incorporated into melanoidin polymers under conditions we have studied. The melanoidin polymer obtained at 100°C temperature and pH 5,8 reacts with glycine at pH 8.0, the melanoidin polymer obtained at 80°C temperature reacts with glycine at 100°C temperature etc. The degree of glycine labeled carbon’s inclusion into melanoidin is more highly influenced by pH change than by temperature rise.
creator: Nana Tserodze
creator: Leila Tatiashvili
creator: Rusudan Tsiskarishvili
creator: Liparit Dolidze
creator: Nona Bolkvadze
creator: Nino Karkashadze
creator: Rusudan Uridia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-12
publication date: 2025-11-12
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 241
ending page: 247
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.13

Why Georgia Struggles to Attract High-Spending Tourists: An Empirical Analysis of Market Readiness and Structural Barriers
type: item
description: Georgia offers growing opportunities for tourism development, but attracting high-spending tourists remains a significant challenge. The paper examines the barriers in the tourism sector that limit the interest of high-spending tourists and are related to human capital problems, as well as infrastructure, advertising, and financial factors. As part of the quantitative research, an analysis was conducted of 79 tourism companies, who were rated on a scale of 1 to 5 for various challenges. Tests (t-test, ANOVA, correlation, logistic model) were used to assess the intensity of the challenges and their impact on competitiveness. The results showed that the scarcity of human resources and low professionalism (especially in the high-spending segment) remain one of the main barriers. Access to finance is perceived as relatively less critical, but still does not represent a significant challenge for ensuring the sustainability of tourism. The paper identifies the necessary strategic changes, including human capital development, value-based marketing, and the integration of technological innovations (AR/VR) as a prerequisite for the development of sustainable tourism. The paper includes a comparative statistical analysis with international benchmarks, such as Spain, Croatia, Portugal and Singapore - countries where the high-spending or hybrid tourism sector is one of the leading directions of the economy. The comparison was made based on indicators from the information of the following organizations: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), OECD and WTTC, which show that these countries invest in human capital development, technological innovations (AR/VR experiences, digital marketing) and value-oriented business models. In the case of Georgia, a similar approach can become a key factor in competitiveness and sustainable tourism development.
creator: Eka Gegeshidze
creator: Zurab Garakanidze
creator: Nino Maghradze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 248
ending page: 267
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.14

The Main Trends, Goals and Objectives of the Formation and Reform of Georgian Law on Entrepreneurs
type: item
description: The Georgian Law on Entrepreneurs was created after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Georgia’s regaining of independence. In the Soviet socialist system, the development of entrepreneurial law was not allowed. Accordingly, Georgia had scarcely any experience in legislative regulation of entrepreneurial relations. After the restoration of independence, the changing political, legal and economic situation required that the norms of the newly created Law on Entrepreneurs were frequently amended and updated, in order to bring Georgian entrepreneurial law into line with the laws of the rest of the civilized world. Taking global economic trends into account, the changes affected not only individual norms of Law on Entrepreneurs, but, in fact, a systemic change of entrepreneurial law, between Continental European and Anglo-American legal systems, was taking place. Along with frequent legislative changes, no developed judicial practice was in place. All of this created a chaotic and flawed legal regulation that, ultimately, once again, faced the country with the need to implement fundamental legislative changes. The present paper describes the development of the Georgian Law on Entrepreneurs, from the time of restoration of independence up to the present day. The general trends of the development of the Law on Entrepreneurs, during the mentioned period, will be presented. Special emphasis will be placed on the obligation, to approximate the country’s legislation with that of European Union, based on the EU/Georgia Association Agreement, which is one of the important foundations for the creation of a new Law on Entrepreneurs. The legislative flaws that necessitated systemic reform, in the form of the creation of a new law, will be analyzed. In the paper, initially, the historical origins of the Georgian Law on Entrepreneurs will be discussed. The need for a new legislative regulation of entrepreneurial relations, for a country emerging from post-Soviet space, will be eva…
creator: Mariam Shavlakadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 268
ending page: 310
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.15

The History of the Development of Herbalism: From Shamanism to Scientific Medicine
type: item
description: This scientific article provides a comprehensive historical and evolutionary analysis of herbalism, the use of medicinal plants for health maintenance and healing which is an integral part of human history. The study utilizes a thematic historical analysis and a qualitative descriptive methodology. The primary objective is to delineate the chronological and thematic arc of herbalism's evolution, tracing its path from irrational, shamanistic practices to contemporary, scientific evidence-based phytotherapeutic approaches. Approximately 75% of modern medications are based on herbal raw materials. The analysis is structurally organized into four principal evolutionary phases: Mystical Roots (Shamanism): This phase is characterized by the conflation of healing with magic and religious beliefs. Illness was often viewed as possession by spirits or evil forces. Shamans utilized hallucinogenic plants, such as Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi), to enter the "spirit world" for healing. Early archaeological evidence, such as the discovery of eight different medicinal plants, including Ephedra (Ephedra sinica), in a 60,000-year-old burial in Iraq, supports the supernatural and medicinal significance attributed to these plants. Classical Rationalism and Traditional Systems: Beginning around 3000 BCE, civilizations in Egypt, India, and China produced the first written records of herbalism. In Europe, the process of separating medicine from purely spiritual roots was advanced by Hippocrates (the "Father of Medicine") and Galen, who systematized the "Four Humors" theory. Dioscorides’ “De Materia Medica” (c. 40-90 CE) served as the primary European herbal text until the 17th century. Concurrently, complex traditional systems like Ayurveda (based on Tridoshas) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (based on Yin and Yang and the Five Elements) were codified in Asia. The Age of Isolation (The Rise of Biomedicine): The scientific revolution of the 19th century shifted focus from the whole pla…
creator: Dimitri Kochadze
creator: Elguja Latchkepiani
creator: Robert Makharashvili
creator: Nana Mgaloblishvili
creator: Dimitri Kuchukhidze
creator: Bagdu Chkhaidze
creator: Nikoloz Shaverdashvili
creator: Nino Asanidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 311
ending page: 325
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.16

Logistics Process Management Using Artificial Intelligence Optimization
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been developing particularly fast recently and is becoming part of many areas of our daily lives. The development of artificial intelligence based on the Big Language Model has changed the job descriptions of many people. According to a Goldman Sachs study, generative AI will impact 300 million jobs, and according to a January 2023 study by platform Fishbowl, 43% of employees use AI in their professional lives. At the same time, such a rapid spread of AI is associated with some degree of danger for many. In March 2023, more than 1,000 people working in AI, including Ilon Musk, signed a petition calling for a 6 - month moratorium on the development of large AI systems until their capabilities and associated threats are properly understood. Logistics is one industry where AI can have a transformative impact. It can be used in both the storage/transportation phases of product storage and consumption. AI can help address the challenges the sector faces today - managing logistics processes/optimizing production, managing demand, ensuring the sustainability of logistics systems, and simplifying the logistics transition, including reducing production and transportation costs.
creator: Emeliane Gogilidze
creator: Natia Gogilidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-19
publication date: 2025-11-19
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 326
ending page: 332
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.17

BIOINFORMATICS APPROACHES FOR MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT: INTEGRATING PROTEOMICS, EXOSOMES AND IMMUNE SIGNALING
type: item
description: Cancer stem cell (CSC) plasticity is increasingly recognized as a central driver of tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, metastatic dissemination, and disease recurrence. Yet, the dynamic transitions between stem-like and differentiated malignant states remain poorly resolved due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of tumors and the limitations of bulk profiling methods. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies have created an unprecedented opportunity to dissect CSC states at high resolution; however, extracting mechanistic insights from these data requires sophisticated computational methods. In this work, we present an integrative bioinformatic framework for characterizing CSC plasticity across diverse cancer types using single-cell transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteogenomic datasets. Our approach synthesizes multiple layers of information—including transcriptional variability, regulatory network inference, cell trajectory reconstruction, chromatin accessibility, ligand–receptor communication, and lineage mapping—to identify key determinants that regulate transitions between stem-like, progenitor-like, and differentiated malignant phenotypes. Through integrative clustering, pseudotime analysis, and machine-learning–based state prediction, we uncover conserved molecular programs and dynamic regulatory modules that define CSC behavior. Furthermore, we implement cell–cell communication modeling to map how CSC niche interactions influence plasticity, focusing on immune–CSC crosstalk, stromal signaling circuits, and exosome-mediated molecular transport. The combined analysis highlights novel candidate biomarkers and therapeutic vulnerabilities associated with reversible stemness states. Together, this study demonstrates that integrated single-cell bioinformatic analysis provides a powerful framework to decode cancer stem cell plasticity, enabling a deeper mechanistic understanding of tumor evolution and identifying new avenues for precision oncology a…
creator: Nodar Sulashvili
creator: Irina Imerlishvili
creator: Seyran Kocharyan
creator: Luiza Gabunia
creator: Nana Gorgaslidze
creator: Maka Buleishvili
creator: Rajkaran Singh
creator: Irine Zarnadze
creator: Shalva (Davit) Zarnadze
creator: David Aphkhazava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 333
ending page: 385
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.18

Sociological Thinking and Sociological Imagination According to Charles Wright Mills
type: item
description: The article presents an analysis of the conception of sociological imagination by the outstanding American sociologist Charles Wright Mills. In the article, the necessity of sociological imagination in sociology is shown, as well as the positive and negative aspects of this conception. The authors of the article offer critical inteprtetations of such issues as: the necessity of an original methodology in sociology; the necessity of a new regulation of sociological thinking; dynamic of sociological meaning; the essence of sociological imagination; science seen from the viewpoint of sociological imagination; consideration of the ambivalent functioning of science; man accroding to sociological imagination; reason and freedom as the main principles of sociological imagination; types of sociological imagination and Srive Fuller’s new conception of sociological imagination the products of which are such “progressive” sciences as sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and behavioural genetics. Such a type of sociological imagination draws the attention of sociologists to the possible unexpected results of scientific innovations, which would be impossible to control in future. The new conception of sociological imagination relies on biological reductionism and doubts the control of the reality created by means of nanotechnologies. This new conception may prove successful in research concerned with the health risks, anti-ageing discourses and an innovative understanding of the human body and gender discourses. The authors of the article think that the study of the body and bodily techniques is a result of the present times. Therefore, such problems as the boundaries of corporeality, body and nature, bodies dancing in cyberspace, trans-sex and transgender bodies, corporeal factor in the social webs and many others may demand research based on a new sociological imagination. Therefore, offering the newest paradoxical synthesis of social action and questionable results of scient…
creator: Amiran Berdzenishvili
creator: Kakha Ketsbaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 386
ending page: 397
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.19

Pharmaco-botanical Study of Some Halophytic Plants of Georgia
type: item
description: Salinization threatens a growing proportion of arable land worldwide, making halophytic plants valuable sources of stress-adapted bioactive metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity of halophytic species from Lake Kumisi in Eastern Georgia – Petrosimonia brachiata, P. triandra, P. glaucescens and Gamanthus pilosus – in order to evaluate their pharmacological potential. Aerial parts were collected from the saline shores of Lake Kumisi in three phenological stages (pre-flowering, flowering and fruiting). Seventy percent ethanol extracts were prepared and analysed by GC–MS and LC–MS-DAD. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE/g DW), while total flavonoids were evaluated spectrophotometrically with the aluminium chloride method and expressed as quercetin equivalents (mg QE/g DW). Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, calculating inhibition percentages and IC₅₀ values. The chromatographic profiles revealed a rich composition of terpenoids, phytosterols and polyphenols, including β-sitosterol, phenolic acids and quercetin-type flavonoids. Total phenolic content ranged from approximately 10 to 25 mg GAE/g, with the highest value in flowering P. triandra. Total flavonoid content varied between 6.6 and 18.8 mg QE/g and accounted for about 60–75% of total phenolics, particularly in P. brachiata and P. triandra. In the DPPH assay, radical scavenging activity reached 45–90%, whereas IC₅₀ values ranged from 30 to 130 µg/mL. The lowest IC₅₀ values, indicating the strongest antioxidant activity, were recorded for flowering samples of P. brachiata and P. triandra, while G. pilosus showed comparatively weaker effects. A clear positive correlation was observed between total polyphenolic content and DPPH scavenging capacity. These findings demonstrate that halophytic species inhabiting the saline ecosystems of …
creator: Tsiala Ghviniashvili
creator: Tamar Zangurashvili
creator: Liana Jinjolia
creator: Malkhaz Jokhadze
creator: Dali Berashvili
creator: Sophio Gokadze
creator: Ana Bozhadze
creator: Lali Zardiashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 398
ending page: 408
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.20

Invisible Editors: Impact of AI on Media Content Quality and Trust
type: item
description: AI technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and automated journalism are rapidly transforming how media content is produced, distributed, and consumed. These tools promise greater efficiency, for example, automated news writing and personalized content recommendations, and enable real-time delivery of information. At the same time, their integration into media workflows has intensified concerns about the circulation of biased, low-quality, irrelevant information and disinformation. Because AI systems learn from existing data, they can reproduce and even amplify the biases embedded in that data, while accelerating the spread of disinformation and undermining trust in media institutions. This study examines how AI becomes an invisible gatekeeper, contributes to biased and irrelevant media content and explores the consequences for public trust and democratic discourse. Using a mixed-methods design, including: content analysis of AI-generated and AI-curated media, an online survey, and secondary data, the research shows that media practitioners and audiences recognize both the transformative potential of AI and its ethical risks. A strong majority of survey participants perceive AI’s impact on media as significant or very significant and associate AI algorithms with the spread of biased or low-quality information across news and social platforms. Respondents also express substantial concern about the opacity and limited accountability of AI systems in shaping what information people see. The findings point to an urgent need for strategies that reduce AI-induced bias and improve information quality, such as enhancing algorithmic transparency, diversifying training data, and developing clear regulatory and ethical frameworks. Drawing on media and communication theories, this article offers a critical analysis of AI’s role in contemporary media and outlines pathways for more responsible and accountable use of AI in the information ecosystem.
creator: Mariam Arakhamia
creator: Mariam Gersamia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 409
ending page: 421
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.21

Analysis of Local and International Patents for the Microfiltration Process of Various Types of Red Wine Materials
type: item
description: Analysis of some issues of local and international patents related to methods of obtaining and purifying various types of red wine materials through the microfiltration process determines the consideration of technologies, techniques, basic technical levels and prototypes created by local and international researchers for the scientific research work of the Institute.
creator: Elene Kakabadze
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Zaza Javashvili
creator: Leila Tananashvili
creator: Manana Mamulashvili
creator: Tinatin Butkhuzi
creator: Ia Gogiberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 422
ending page: 428
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.22

Some Issues in Membrane Pore Size Research
type: item
description: The paper presents a comparative analysis of the pore sizes membranes obtained by the bubble point method and scanning probe microscopy. The dependence of the membranes filtration characteristics on its pores size has been revealed. It has been established that the membrane pore sizes by the bubble point method, somewhat correspond to the pore sizes obtained by scanning probe microscopy.
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Liana Ebanoidze
creator: Nana Gogesashvili
creator: Liana Kuparadze
creator: Tinatin Butkhuzi
creator: Ia Gogiberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 429
ending page: 434
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.23

Colloidal-chemical Study of Sediment Formed Natural Water on a Microfiltration Membrane
type: item
description: The paper presents a colloidal-chemical research of the precipitate formed natural water on a membrane with during microfiltration. Particle sizes in natural water formed on the membrane, the magnitude and sign of the electrokinetic potential were determined by the dynamic light scattering method, and the sedimentation velocity was determined by sedimentation analysis. The coagulating and adsorbing ability of particles suspended in water was identified, which affects the structure of the resulting sediment.
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Liana Ebanoidze
creator: Mzia Kezherashvili
creator: Manana Mamulashvili
creator: Liana Kuparadze
creator: Nona Butkhuzi
creator: Ia Gogiberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 435
ending page: 439
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.24

Microbiological Analysis of Wastewater, Fruit Juices, Determination of Microbial Sizes, Diagnostics and Filtration of Microorganisms
type: item
description: The paper studies the microbiology of water and apple juice from the Mtkvari River. Various types of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus Faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were found in the water, which indicates the pollution of the Mtkvari River, while the study of apple juice revealed bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus spp,) microflora, and the sizes of the microbes were determined. The reliability of ultrafiltration, which completely removes contaminants, improves the quality of water and fruit juice, has been established.
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Manana Mamulashvili
creator: Elene Kakabadze
creator: Liana Ebanoidze
creator: Nona Butkhuzi
creator: Ia Gogiberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 440
ending page: 443
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.25

Investigation of Optimal Mode Parameters of Nanofiltration Separation Process
type: item
description: The main operating parameters of the process of nanofiltration separation are investigated in the work: pressure, speed of the circulation flow and height of the pressure chamber of the membrane module to determine their optimal values. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that relatively small pressure chamber with a height of 0.2–0.4 mm is optimal for ensuring laminar flow of deionized water in the pressure chamber of the membrane device, while the optimal range of transmembrane pressure and tangential flow speed is 5 bar and 5 m/s, respectively, which ensures optimization of the nanofiltration process due to increasing the degree of separation and reducing energy consumption.
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Mzia Kezherashvili
creator: Zaza Javashvili
creator: Nana Gogesashvili
creator: Elene Kakabadze
creator: Nona Butkhuzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 444
ending page: 448
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.26

Methods for Staining Microbial Capsules and Spores in the Microbiological Study of Rkatsiteli Wine Materials and Fruit Juices
type: item
description: The paper discusses the methods of staining microbial capsules and spores in Rkatsiteli wine material and fruit juices. It has been established that the correct selection of staining methods and the membrane filtration process ensure the stability, safety and quality of the product, which is of paramount importance in technological processes. The paper discusses the methods of staining microbial capsules and spores in Rkatsiteli wine materials and fruit juices. It is established that the correct selection of staining methods and the membrane filtration process ensure the stability, safety and quality of the product, which is of paramount importance in technological processes.
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Tinatin Butkhuzi
creator: Manana Mamulashvili
creator: Liana Ebanoidze
creator: Leila Tananashvili
creator: Ia Gogiberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 449
ending page: 452
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.27

Effect of Phase Inversion Temperature on the Formation and Performance of PES/DMF/PVP Polyethersulfone Membranes
type: item
description: The paper studies the preparation of polymer membranes from 15% polyethersulfone solutions of PES/DMP/5%PVP and PES/DMP/7%PVP compositions using the phase inversion method at different precipitation temperatures. Two groups of polyethersulfone membranes were obtained and precipitation was carried out for each at four temperatures (10℃, 20℃, 30℃, 40℃). The particle sizes and degree of polydispersity in the casting solutions were studied on a Malvern analyzer. The optimal temperature for conducting phase inversion at two different PVP concentrations and the influence of the coagulation bath temperature on the performance, structure, and pore size of the resulting membranes were determined. Membranes precipitated from a solution containing 5% PVP showed better performance and structure than membranes precipitated at 20℃, and membranes precipitated from a solution containing 7% PVP showed better performance and structure than membranes precipitated at 30℃.
creator: Nana Gogesashvili
creator: Giorgi Bibileishvili
creator: Zaza Javashvili
creator: Mzia Kezherashvili
creator: Liana Kuparadze
creator: Nona Butkhuzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 453
ending page: 460
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.28

Preparation and Study of Membranes for the Microfiltration Process of Sterilization of Black Grape Wine Material
type: item
description: This paper discusses the use of new microfiltration polymer membranes obtained by the phase inversion wet method for the filtration of Saperavi, Kindzmarauli, Khvanchkara, and Mukuzani type wine materials. They were prepared by precipitation of different concentrations of polyethersulfone and polyamide compositions: PES10%/DMF, PES12%/DMF, PA10%/DMF/LiCl, PA12%/DMF/LiCl. It was determined that the obtained microfiltration membranes can be successfully used for the filtration and stabilization of Georgian black wines such as Saperavi, Kindzmarauli, Khvanchkara, and Mukuzani without changing the sensory properties of the wine. It was also found that among the four membranes obtained, red wines filtered on the N2 membrane, which is obtained from a PES12%/DMF polymer composition with a pore size of 0.45 μm and better morphology, have lower turbidity values.
creator: George Bibileishvili
creator: Nana Gogesashvili
creator: Manana Mamulashvili
creator: Liana Ebanoidze
creator: Elene Kakabadze
creator: Tinatin Butkhuzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 461
ending page: 467
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.29

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Nanofiltration Separation Process under Laminar Flow Conditions
type: item
description: The paper presents the nanofiltration process of mineral water from Borjomi, in particular, specifically from borehole No. 37, which is preceded by theoretical studies, as a result of which the speed range for implementing the laminar regime was determined for different heights of the working pressure cell. Experimental studies of mineral water defluoridation-debarring have established that the liquid treated under laminar conditions of the nanofiltration process complies with the normative values ​​of the “ZDK” for mineral waters.
creator: Liana Kuparadze
creator: Giorgi Bibileishvili
creator: Nana Gogesashvili
creator: Tinatin Butkhuzi
creator: Nona Butkhuzi
creator: Ia Gogiberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 468
ending page: 473
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.30

Challenges and Opportunities for Ensuring Environmental Protection Requirements
type: item
description: The article discusses forms of environmental damage caused by construction, Georgia's commitments to reduce construction-related environmental damage, and legislative requirements. It provides information on current and expected consequences caused by plastic as one of the major environmental pollutants. The existing practice of using plastic as a construction raw material has been discussed. The article describes an experimental stand used to conduct research on optimal proportions for producing an energy-efficient block that meets regulatory requirements, using plastic and local raw materials.
creator: Merab Baratashvili
creator: Tornike Baratashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 474
ending page: 484
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.31

Possibilities of Using Fiber-optic Sensors in Train Movement Control Systems
type: item
description: The article deals with the possibilities of using a new element base in control systems and ensuring the safety of train traffic in the form of a fiber-optic sensor for measuring temperature and deformation of railway objects. Instead of the currently operating traditional rail schemes, a discrete sensor built on a fiber-optic sensor is offered, providing complete information on the state of the tracks. A sensor fiber-optical information-measuring system has been developed, providing a significant economic effect.
creator: Merab Gotsadze
creator: Avtandil Sharvashidze
creator: Tengiz Tabidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 485
ending page: 492
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.32

DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPOSITORIES CONTAINING SEA BUCKTHORN OIL AND THYMOL
type: item
description: The study is devoted to the development and quality assessment of combined vaginal suppositories containing sea buckthorn oil and thymol with anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effect. The physical, chemical and technological properties of model samples prepared using three different bases (cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights, Vitepsol W 35) have been studied, the suppository base has been selected on the basis of biopharmaceutical studies and the formulation has been determined. The total content of carotenoids is 1.0 - 1.25 mg / suppository (calculated on β-carotene). The identification of fatty acids has been carried out, among which triglycerides of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids are dominant.
creator: Dimitri Lagazidze
creator: Tamuna Benashvili
creator: Manana Orjonikidze
creator: Bela Kikalishvili
creator: Malkhaz Getia
creator: Alyosha Bakuridze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 493
ending page: 501
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.33

A Narrative Review of the Diagnostic Performance of Non-Invasive Scores for Predicting Fibrosis in MAFLD
type: item
description: Background & aim: The burden of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is increasing, with an estimated prevalence of 32.4% globally. Although most patients present with simple steatosis, some progress to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-invasive scores offer a promising alternative to liver biopsy for fibrosis staging. This narrative review aims to compare the diagnostic performance of non-invasive scores for in detecting fibrosis in patients with MAFLD, with a focus on identifying the most accurate and reliable score. Methods: This narrative review included studies with histologically confirmed fibrosis staging. The primary outcome was the overall diagnostic accuracy of each score in predicting significant fibrosis (F2-F4) and advanced fibrosis (F3-F4). Secondary outcomes included sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Results & Conclusion: Our analysis included a total of 11 studies with 5761 patients. The overall diagnostic performance for predicting advanced fibrosis was highest for Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), followed by Transient Elastography (VCTE). In predicting significant fibrosis, Hepamet Fibrosis Score (HFS) demonstrated the highest performance. Significant variation was observed across studies, which was partially explained by differences in the prevalence of advanced fibrosis and the specific thresholds utilized for each score.
creator: Tatia Khachidze
creator: Gela Sulaberidze
creator: Gocha Barbakadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 502
ending page: 514
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.34

Evaluation of Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging Progression and Prognostic Outcomes in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia
type: item
description: Post-COVID pneumonia is a lung injury that develops after the acute phase of COVID-19, which is characterized by slowly regressing respiratory symptoms, radiological changes, and impaired lung function. According to existing studies, after several weeks or months of improvement, a significant proportion of patients continue to complain of fatigue, dry cough, and dyspnea, despite the fact that SARS-CoV-2 PCR is already negative. However, a prolonged increase in neutrophil-lymphocyte imbalance, CRP, and D-dimer indicates a background of chronic low-intensity inflammation, and spirometry is dominated by restrictive ventilation disorders and reduced gas diffusion, which is especially evident in cases of severe COVID-19 or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ground-glass infiltration is still relevant on computed tomography against the background of fibrotic changes; its frequency and extent are determined by the severity of the acute phase, the CT severity index, and the duration of hypoxemia. The prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome is worse due to higher fibrotic changes and reduced tolerance to physical activity than in mild cases. An integrated, “triple” assessment is important for the interpretation of the final diagnosis, treatment tactics, and prognosis: a joint analysis of clinical, laboratory, and radiological data - for the purpose of identifying high-risk patients and further monitoring.
creator: Marina Kuparadze
creator: Giorgi Imedashvili
creator: Nino Gegeshidze
creator: Xatuna Chaava
creator: Mariam Morchiladze
creator: Tamila Silagadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 515
ending page: 522
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.35

Localization of Water-related Toponyms and Hydronyms in the Speech of the Prone Valley
type: item
description: This paper studies the localization of water-related toponyms and hydronyms in the speech of the Froni Valley. The research is based on the linguistic analysis of the relevant scientific literature and materials we have found in each village. The focus is on the structure and means of production of place and river names characteristic of the villages of Dvani, Ptsi, Surami and Ali Froni. Taking into account this large stock of words is important when discussing the vocabulary of the language. One regularity is preserved in the system of toponyms: the name of a place represents the environment, location, signs, color, personal name, surname. The constituent elements of toponyms and hydronyms often include vocabulary related to water: spring, lake, ravine, floodplain, ravine, swamp, whirlpool. The first component in a complex stem is the name of a village, surname, proper or common name, adjective, numerical name, animal or bird. Examples of this are: Atskuri water, Rustavi water, Aleksandres tskara, Tedeshvilebiststskal, Baidauri water, Batoniststskaro, Beberiststskaro.The surname and personal name used as a determiner indicate belonging and plurality. Such a toponym is accompanied by the suffix -ian: Durglianttskaro (Durglishvili Spring), Macharaanttskaro (Macharashvili Spring), Bliadzianttba (Bliadzeebi lake). Place and river names are formed with prefix-suffixes (na-ur: natbeuri) and suffixes (ul//-ula: pleula - a river in the village of plevi; ptsiula - a river in the village of ptsa; suramula - a river in suram. -ura: ghogura - a river in the village of ghogeti. -eb: chinchilebi - a place name. -ora: choshora. -et: kvableti...). In hydronyms, the -a suffix is ​​an affix that produces properties and similarities (ortskal. tkotsula...). The production is Georgian, we have not encountered borrowed terms. Toponyms containing the roots "tskal" and "tskaro" stand out more in terms of their frequency of use. Territorial localization of dialectal vocabulary used as topo…
creator: Mariam Koberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 523
ending page: 531
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.36

Key Challenges in AI-Powered Translation in the Context of the Georgian Language
type: item
description: The given article examines key challenges facing AI-powered translation systems when processing Georgian, a language with unique linguistic and cultural characteristics but referred to as a low-resource language in terms of the lack of computerized data. The study identifies two primary categories of translation barriers: cultural and linguistic challenges. Cultural challenges include mistranslation of culturally specific concepts, inadequate handling of Georgian idioms and proverbs, and failure to capture figurative language. Linguistic challenges stem from Georgian's agglutinative nature, ergative case system, flexible word order, and polypersonal agreement patterns. Georgian verbs encode subject, object, tense, aspect, and directionality in single morphological units, creating difficulties for AI systems trained primarily on structurally different languages. Current neural machine translation systems, including Google Translate and DeepL, consistently struggle with Georgian due to limited training data and inadequate handling of morphological complexity, resulting in awkward or culturally inappropriate translations. The findings highlight the need for specialized NLP approaches for morphologically complex, low-resource languages and emphasize the importance of incorporating cultural context into AI translation systems.
creator: Maia Nachkepia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 532
ending page: 542
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.37

The Critical Role of Investment Banks in the Sustainable Growth of Emerging Economies: the Case of Georgia
type: item
description: Achieving sustainable economic growth is a major challenge for developing countries. This study aims to assess the role of investment banks in this process, using Georgia as a case study. We hypothesize that sustainable growth requires not only a commercial banking system but also the presence of fully-fledged investment banks that can act as catalysts for structural change. The research is based on literature analysis, an assessment of Georgia's macroeconomic data, and a study of the operations of financial institutions. The theoretical section integrates classical theories of financial intermediation with modern concepts of sustainable finance and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) standards. The results show that in Georgia, where the financial sector is based on commercial banks, a fully-fledged investment banking institution is absent. The investment divisions of commercial banks primarily deal with simple securities and do not perform complex functions such as organizing major infrastructure projects, corporate merger transactions, or financing innovative projects. The main reasons for this are: a weak capital market, a lack of specialists, the absence of regulations tailored for investment banking, and a business model dependent on short-term deposits. Conclusion. Achieving sustainable growth requires the establishment of fully-fledged, independent investment banks. This necessitates: introducing specific regulations, deepening the capital market, training personnel, and attracting long-term capital sources. Only under these conditions will Georgia be able to fully utilize the potential of financial innovation for sustainable development.
creator: Giorgi Turazashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 543
ending page: 556
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.38

Peculiarities of Changes in the Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Index of the Osteochondral Component and Synovial Membrane of the Hip Joint during Coxarthrosis
type: item
description: The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of inflammatory changes and proliferative activity in the osteochondral component and synovial membranes of the joint according to the OARSI classification in Grade 4, Grade 5 and Grade 6 groups. Each study group included 20 cases. The study material used for the study consisted of depersonalized paraffin blocks from the archive material of the TSMU Educational-Scientific and Diagnostic Laboratory for the years 2019-2025. The study used hematoxylin & eosin technology, AgNOR technology to assess proliferative activity, and immunohistochemical technology to assess inflammatory index (CD45) and proliferative activity (Ki67). As the analysis of the results showed, in osteoarthritis, the inflammatory index increases with the degree of damage and it is manifested in almost the same way in the bone-cartilage component and synovial membranes. The dynamics of proliferative activity is manifested in the same way both with AgNOR technology and with the use of the proliferative marker Ki67 and it increases in accordance with the degree of damage.
creator: Nino Kavtaradze
creator: Elene-Dodo Kartvelishvili
creator: Magda Jangiani
creator: George Burkadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Georgian Scientists https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 7
number: 4
starting page: 557
ending page: 570
doi: 10.52340/gs.2025.07.04.39